tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14436073109617227372024-03-08T12:33:31.304-08:00Paper to write lettersEssay Writing Topic My SchoolThaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-50600999631097324342020-08-25T18:08:00.001-07:002020-08-25T18:08:04.819-07:00The room that we have designed... free essay sampleThe room that we have structured is for babies. There are for the most part learning territories are incorporated: square zone, science and revelation territory, subjective region, language and proficiency zone, tactile region, innovative zone, sensational region and music and development region. There are likewise washrooms and sink and diaper evolving region. There are additionally bunks, cubbies, tables and seats for kids. The accompanying sections will depict all the learning region and what kids will create in these regions. The primary region is square region. In the square territory, there are youngster level racks where various kinds of square are put like letters in order, numeric, various states of square: square, triangle, square shape, circle and so forth. There are likewise youngster level tables and seats. Kids can upgrade their abilities by investing energy in square territory. Inside the social space, kids may take part in short gathering exercises by playing and building towers with their friends (ELECT, 1.1, p. 29, 2007). A large portion of babies are building up their faculties by contacting the square and working the articles and material (ELECT, 5.3, p. 36, 2007). Youngsters may build up their feeling of commitment by effectively being locked in with their companions in bunch play and investigating the toys/squares. Here, kids may build up their feeling of articulation by communicating their inclination when they construct tower and show energy and bliss when the pinnacle is long. (Service of Education, 2014). In science and revelation territory, there are various sorts of material, for example, leaves, wood, plastic, etc. There are tables, seats and covers. There is likewise a major window where they can see outside and appreciate the nature. In this inside, youngsters may distinguishing objects in photographs (4.7), arranging and naming articles by attributes of items like little, enormous delicate and hard (4.9) (ELECT, p. 34, 2007). Kids may build up their feeling of having a place by investigating objects with companions and teachers and speaking with them. Youngsters may investigate unique and new material, for example, amplifying glasses, magnets and by being dynamic and connected with student, they can build up the feeling of commitment (Ministry of Education, 2014). In the subjective territory, there are various materials for kids, for example, puzzles, various articles for arranging, tallying and so forth. There is likewise floor covering, seat and tables for kids, distinctive racks to put the material. Youngsters may upgrade their critical thinking aptitudes by looking for help from grown-ups to accomplish the objectives (4.2) and may spatial investigate by assembling things and dismantling them (4.4) (ELECT, p. 33, 2007). Kids may create feeling of articulation by communicating their inclination, for instance, a youngster shows fervor when teacher reveals to him that they will explain his preferred shape puzzle. Additionally, via mindful, cherishing and making positive associations with youngsters may improve the feeling of having a place, for instance, a kid is dismal. We can ask him for what reason he/she is tragic and attempt to comfort him/her will cause them to feel cherishing and mindful (Ministry of Education, 2014). Language and education region contains various kinds of books, divider outline of letter sets, creatures, leafy foods on. There are rugs, seats and shelves for youngsters. Youngsters may upgrade the responsive language aptitudes by effectively listening the accounts and being locked in, it will likewise improve the feeling of commitment (ELECT, 3.1, p. 32, 2007). Inside the correspondence, language and proficiency area, kids may utilize basic action words and descriptive words and increment their jargon by tuning in to stories (ELECT, 3.2, p.32, 2007). Teacher is utilizing articulations while recounting to the tales to youngsters, it might make a feeling of articulation (Ministry of Education, 2014). Tangible region is somewhat fun. There is water and sand play for youngsters. There are likewise various sorts of material for youngsters to find and build up the faculties. In this middle, kids may build up their social abilities by taking part in little gathering exercises (playing with sand/water) (ELECT, 1.1, p.29, 2007). Babies may build up their faculties by distinguishing and separating properties and materials (ELECT, 5.3, P.36, 2007). Kids may build up the feeling of commitment by effectively taking an interest in the sand and water play exercises, for example, making palace in a gathering with peers. Youngsters may likewise build up their feeling of articulation by communicating their inclination verbally or non-verbally to teacher or their companions when they play and investigate diverse material containers, for example, sea in a container, in this instructor will attempt to make a sea with water, oil and watercolor, by this, kids can be amazed and amped up for this movement and they can likewise make their own sea containers (Ministry of Education, 2014). Imaginative zone has tables and seats, paint brushes, colored pencils, kid safe scissors to make new and one of a kind things. In this inside, kids may build up their fine engine abilities by utilizing little child safe scissors to cut the paper (5.2) and tangible engine incorporation by utilizing eye-hand coordination to string huge dots on a funnel cleaner (5.3) (ELECT, p.36, 2007). By giving safe, age-fitting and abundant material to kids so as to abstain from sharing issues, is a case of how to make a feeling of having a place in kids. Youngsters might be being sound by playing it safe when utilizing scissors will build up the feeling of prosperity (Ministry of Education, 2014). Kids like to claim to be somebody, so emotional region is extremely useful to build up the abilities. In emotional zone, there are cover, distinctive play packs like specialist unit, café material, educator play, market, etc. Kids may take part in imagine play that incorporates language, it will build up their expressive language abilities (ELECT, 3.2, p.32, 2007). Youngsters may communicate their sentiments in language and imagine play and it will likewise improve their feeling of articulation (ELECT, 2.1, p.30, 2007). Youngsters may build up their feeling of commitment by effectively partaking in exercises like specialist play, changing garments of dolls (Ministry of Education, 2014). The last yet not the least place is music and development. Here, there are various instruments, for example, drums, violin, accordion, xylophone and whatnot. There are additionally youngster size table and seats, cover, mats for kids. Inside the physical area, youngsters may build up their gross engine abilities by bouncing all over on the spot with music (ELECT, 5.1, p.35, 2007). Kids may build up the social intrigue aptitudes by watching and copying the companions doing certain means/development on the rhythms (ELECT, 1.1, p.29, 2007). Youngsters may build up the feeling of commitment by taking an interest and drawing in with peers when playing with various instruments and will likewise improve the feeling of articulation when teacher will give them fervor in various rhythms and when kids tune in to their main tune they may show energy and delight (Ministry of Education, 2014).? Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-2060466026039352932020-08-22T05:22:00.001-07:002020-08-22T05:22:17.300-07:00Life Sketch for a FuneralI was taking a gander at pictures and talking o my mother, she said she recalls that him laying down with Christine on his chest. (Addition letter from Ryan to Christine) Dad was in every case strong of us kids. He didn't care for team promoters, and never neglected to tell me that, however he generally paid for me to take an interest since he realized it satisfied me. In the event that I glad, he was cheerful. Mother, Dad, and I moved to Utah in 1993 so Ryan could go to the college of Utah. One of his preferred classes was photography and Lisa took Christine to the photograph lab to invest energy with him. In August 1995, the family moved back to Idaho and lived In Mud Lake on the farm.I would ride with Ryan In the stacker, or ââ¬Å"snackedâ⬠as I called It. Ryan was taking classes at the SIS augmentation during that time. Ryan and I-Sis were filling in as Primary instructors In their ward there-a calling that Ryan adored in light of the fact that he got the opportunity to be with kids. That was a decent time for our family, and we later moved to Roxbury. On August 16, 1996, I got my infant sibling, Nathan Grant Hill. Father invested a ton of energy with Nathan as an infant in light of the fact that Lisa was working all day. Lisa recollects that he was so glad to have a child. Nathan invested a ton of energy with his Dad in the join. As he grew up, Neaten wanted to go angling and outdoors with Ryan.He particularly loved the custom made bows and bolts and strolling sticks that Ryan would cut for him. Ryan and Neaten went on seven days in length chasing trip. Ryan purchased Nathan another bow. They didn't get anything, yet they made some great memories. Despite the fact that they cherished the outside It wasn't generally going great. Neaten and father were going down the Alpine Slide together, and hit a bend going excessively quick, and as opposed to riding the sled down the mountain, Dad was administering Nettle's face Instead. Neaten has scars on his hea d from getting hit with tree limbs on the head from father gathering fire wood.Neaten came out with fight wounds, however they generally have a decent giggle about it later-well, in any event father chuckled to Ante's detriment. Neaten and Ryan shared an uncommon association through their affection for sports and music. Ryan just missed one of Ante's football match-ups. When Neaten picked his number, he picked the number 11 since he would not like to be Just similar to his Dad, yet he knew the numbers 1 and meant 2, which was his Dad's number. When Nathan began wrestling, Ryan posted on his Backbone account, ââ¬Å"Neaten took first in quite a while first wrestling competition. I love football, yet I goat state wrestling Is extraordinary. He wanted to watch Neaten wrestle.Lately, Neaten preferred playing a game with his Dad where he would play clasps of melodies and afterward ask Ryan who sang It, when It was made, and whether It was celebrated. On the off chance that my father woul d state the tune was well known and my Neaten didn't concur he would return with ââ¬Å"Nobody's heard this melody! â⬠When Christine and Nathan were youthful, Ryan filled in as a snowmobile control in Park City. He was an extraordinary guide and met some intriguing individuals, Including ten number cruncher Attorney General, Ana Kept In contact Walt numerous AT them. A couple of days before Christmas in 1996, Ryan got in a snowmobiling mishap that scorn his elbow and broke his lower arm and scapula.Uncle Dave can recall sitting on Ryan while they attempted to reset his separated shoulder and thinking how solid he was even in that condition. The primary thing he asked when he was cognizant was whether his snowmobile was okay. We would all be able to recollect being so thankful to have him home that Christmas. In 1998, Ryan moved back to Utah. That late spring and fall, he and Lisa, Christine, and Nathan went through pretty much consistently outdoors in the High Ninths. They wan ted to camp together. It turned into a family custom to camp in Zion's National Park over Easter and afterward crash into SST. George for the yearly Easter egg hunt.It was around this time Ryan got inspired by food. We would all be able to recall the peculiar things he jumped at the chance to eat, similar to clams and Kipper Snacks. He adored Tobacco sauce and would add it to everything, truly everything. Be that as it may, he not just preferred to eat food, he wanted to cook it. He had become a stunning cook. He made turkey and shellfish dressing for the Hill Family Thanksgiving two or three years back and increased current standards for all Thanksgivings to come. He normally prepared prime rib supper for the Erickson family on Christmas Eve. Lisa said he could go through 25 minutes kicking out a steak.He wanted to cook, however he particularly wanted to cook for his kin. While Aunt Stephanie and Uncle Ryan and Aunt Megan and Uncle Shawn were going to BUY, Ryan would welcome them o ver routinely for Sunday supper and a round of Sequence, until I chose to stifle on a game piece, and father needed to stick his finger down my throat to make me hurl. We will miss his great cooking. Ryan began working for OMG in 2002. This was the beginning of an exceptionally effective profession in deals. He immediately went up and turned into the top sales rep at the organization, which later changed its name to Prosper.Most as of late, he was driving a business group at Property. He was acceptable at what he did and turned into a pioneer to those he worked with. His associates have remarked that he was an extraordinary pioneer, guide, and chief. Individuals truly delighted in working with Ryan and valued his benevolence, thought, and liberality. Indeed, even the individuals who had worked with him Just a brief timeframe, thought of him as a sibling and closest companion. Lauren Joined the family on September 4, 2003. Lisa calls Lauren their ââ¬Å"Evolve kid. â⬠She would not go to anybody other than her Mom and Dad. Ryan didn't do anything without holding Lauren.Ryan chose to take Lisa to New York for her birthday after Lauren was conceived, however they couldn't leave Lauren so they wound up taking her with them. Ryan read to Lauren consistently and Lisa thinks this is the reason she is such a decent peruser. Ryan consistently took as much time as is needed to respond to her inquiries and never hurried to be finished perusing. That equivalent year, the family made another tornado excursion to New York for Thanksgiving. At the point when we chose to go we went through about an hour on the PC, and after six hours they were on a red-eye flight destined for New York City. They stayed and had Thanksgiving supper at the Plaza.New York was one of the most significant excursions our family took. Going to see all the sights my father had irregular realities to impart to us. He was consistently similar to a mobile reference book! At the point when we initial ly got to New York we left the taxi and the Hotel Bellman at the Plaza saw that my mother had 3 youngsters and was pregnant with another. He asked ââ¬Å"Is there nothing better to do in Utah? â⬠Madeline showed up on April 1, 2005. We as a whole realized that Muddy was Ryan's top pick, regardless of now much en land to any It when en got none Trot work, en would ask where Media was and afterward invest energy the entire night with her.He revealed to Lisa he Just felt like she required that time with him. Not long after Media was conceived, Ryan and Lisa were fixed to their kids for time and time everlasting in the Salt Lake Temple on November 19, 2005. The main way I recollect this day was on the grounds that it was that day that Santa went to the shopping center that year. It was a lovely day and one they had anticipated for quite a while. One of my father's preferred statements was, ââ¬Å"l never said it would be simple, I just said it would be justified, despite all the tr ouble. â⬠Making it to this point wasn't simple, yet in actuality it was worth it.It stamped how far our family had come. My father worked with his entire existence to get our family there, and in light of that difficult work we will be together until the end of time. He generally realized that was valid, and ensured that his youngsters realized that as well. Not long after Media was conceived, Charlie followed. Also, when we state soon, we mean it-9 months and 18 days! Charlie was conceived on January 18, 2006. Grandmother Chris calls Media and Charlie the ââ¬Å"Irish twinsâ⬠in view of how close they are in age. Lisa was resolved to have every one of her infants before she turned 30 and she did.There were some frightening minutes preceding Charlie's introduction to the world as a result of certain issues tit his heart, yet when he showed up Ryan and Lisa were excited in light of the fact that they truly needed another kid. ââ¬Å"Chuck,â⬠as they call him, looks Ju st like his Daddy. He additionally has his feeling of experience. The day of the mishap, Charlie was riding his neighbor's earth bicycle and couldn't hold back to show his Daddy how great he could ride. Ryan was an incredible Dad. He was incredibly quiet with his youngsters. He would prefer to accomplish something with his children than all else. He showed the entirety of his children how to ride a bicycle when they were very young.One of their family customs was taking an interest in he Freedom Festival exercises over the Fourth of July in Provo. Ryan once in a while ran the K and the family consistently went to the Stadium of Fire with Grandma Knells family. Be that as it may, their preferred activity all together was to go sailing. The most joyful occasions I can recollect were out on the lake. Lisa acquainted Ryan with sailing in light of the fact that the Erickson are eager boaters. Tom instructed Ryan to water ski on one ski. Ryan could ski with two, yet was resolved not to be beaten by Lisa who previously had slalom skiing aced. Tom went through the vast majority of one day attempting to get Ryan up on one ski.He attempted and attempted and would not surrender. Tom continued inquiring as to whether he needed to take a break and Ryan Just continued saying, ââ¬Å"Hit it! â⬠No one would ever say that my father was certifiably not a diligent employee. Obviously, Ryan in the end got up and he was snared. He was glad to go drifting with Tom and Chris, with or without Lisa. In the end, Ryan purchased a vessel for his family and it turned into their place of refuge. They put many hours on the pontoon on Lake Powell, Utah Lake, Deer Creek, Carbondale, and others. They sailed during the day and around evening time. We would go out when it was a full moon, and would snare gleam adheres to our life Jackets.The just thing you could see was somewhat light going to and fro, and in my father's case that light was moving lovely darn quick. Ryan spent numerous hou rs taking Christine and her companions on the vessel. I don't re Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-52296478587692592352020-08-07T12:13:00.001-07:002020-08-07T12:13:04.123-07:00More on balanceMore on balance Ive spent the past few days untangling my personal life, which has lately been less than exemplary. In addition, on Sunday evening, I ate dinner with my brother (MIT 17), aunt, and uncle (who live in Boston), and then I finished reading The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri. Its a novel about balancing family and American culture; I identify strongly with the main character Gogol and also, to some extent (and not without shame), the character Moushumi. If youve read this book, please feel free to send me an email. Its Wednesday now. On my floor is a suitcase containing a suit and a sundress. In less than 48 hours, I will be in Houston, both for the SASE national conference and for the warm weather. Ill (hopefully!) be blogging about that in the near future. In the meantimeheres a list, dated 10/02/2015. It contains some parameters by which I have been evaluating myself lately. Feel free to just skim the bullet points because the sentences below them are heavy on self-reflection. To balance community/individuality (presence/absence, travel/home) This semester, I moved to a new hall within my dorm (East Campus). Ive spent a lot of time living by my own agenda; Im there less than half the day, and even then, its mostly to work or to sleep. I seem to value the pursuit of my own goals a lot more than I do building a community. I need to work on being present more often and more actively. respect/freedom (yuppie/hippie) How important are other peoples opinions/social norms? My parents care very much about image and reputation. Many of my best friends are pretty uninhibited and attempt to live by exclusively their own principlesmaybe its also because were young. In any case, my parents and my friends are two very different kinds of happy. The Namesake touches on this distinction; I think that it favors the latter sort of lifestyle because it is a coming-of-age story that takes place in America, but it recognizes the value of the former, because it is a story about the immigrant experience and using external markers to highlight the success of ones life. Either way, I should try to move in some direction. I wish I were more convincing, or braver. Id favor the latter. conversation/meditation (speaking/thinking, living/writing, experiencing/reading) I lean heavily toward meditation, thinking, writing, reading. I need to remind myself to open my mouth and be present in the world. Thats really all there is to it. romance/realism (romance/responsibility) I could be more reckless more often. skepticism/faith I tend to be skeptical about outcomes. Often, Im right but not happy to be. I could be more reckless more often. planning/playing (scheduling/spontaneity) Ive been pretty good about leaving chunks of my weekends unplanned. Its weird having to schedule even spontaineity. productivity/staring off into space These two cycle naturallyfirst youre working, then youre not, and then you have new ideas on which to work, and so on. lists/paragraphs You tell me how this ones going. struggle/splendor (endurance/pleasure, seeking/appreciating) One: I am very, very fortunate that this is even a choice I get to make. Two: At MIT especially, the motto is, work hard, play hard. How much of each is enough, though? The ideal situation is, of course, the one where the work itself becomes pleasure, but often you have to grit your teeth for a long time before you get to that point. So until then, balance. Madonna/Nirvana Kind of a joke, but my music taste has been all over the place lately! One collaboration Ive appreciated is Glass Animals x Joey Bada$$ (warning: explicit language, party music). style/substance Selling yourself/having qualifications. Or: going shopping for clothes instead of reading a book (I am very guilty of this, too often). Or: appearance vs. reality. goal-oriented/process-oriented As ways of thinking about The College Experience: orienting yourself around career/classes/future or around culture/current fulfillment? Again, not mutually exclusive. I do think I tend to be too bookish and focused on post-graduation plans, though. buzzwords/normal words See previous bullet point. career/creativity Ugh. This is a big one that overlaps with respect/freedom, productivity/staring off into space, and planning/playing. Ive spent more time on mindless career development than I normally would care to, but I think itll be worth it. Ive compensated for it by reading novels and poetry instead of, you know, serious nonfiction. Or spending Wednesday nights painting. For me, its necessary. private/public (space, life, etc.) This year/blog has been unusualI used to be very private. Now I am suddenly sharing a lot with strangers on the Internet (hello there. i see you.), and its been very rewarding. sarcasm/sweetness Self-explanatory. I used to be more abrasive but funnier. I think Im hap impact/fulfillment Certainly not mutually exclusive. Here, impact = making a lot of money, something I think I could do one day; fulfillment = being an academic, which I think Id like to do. I dont know, man. I have more thoughts on this that are incomplete and shouldnt be on the Internet at this time. And I said Id try to think less about the future all the time. So. budgets (education/incarceration) I think I added this bullet point because Bernie Sanders was talking about it and I agreed with him: please, less incarceration, more education. math/real life :â( The theoretical world is a great source of bliss for me, and I appreciate the distance between my math psets and all things practical. But I feel myself getting more and more absent-mindedI am spending time learning abstract logic rather than facts that lead in any concrete direction. Its rewarding but not optimal, yet I dont think Ive chosen the wrong major. Maybe this is a sign that I should focus more on econ. Im not sure what I want anymore (see: the length of this list, the inability to prioritize); maybe I lack principles and am trying to make up for it in efficiency. More concretely, I struggle to choose anything over anything else and am consequently trying to do everything all the time. Im not convinced that its a strictly bad way to live, though (see: Camus, Notebooks 1935-1951: Those who prefer their principles over their happiness, they refuse to be happy outside the conditions they seem to have attached to their happiness.)especially as a college student, especially at seventeen. Every choice is a sacrifice. At least Im using (more or less) all of my energy constructively. I think my life is (more or less) Pareto-optimal; I cant complain. Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-30811853664293188732020-05-23T10:52:00.001-07:002020-05-23T10:52:03.858-07:00Causes And Treatment Of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast cancer, also known as IBC, is a rare type of cancer that attacks the body violently. The cancer cells block lymphatic vessels so the breast looks inflamed which is where it gets its name. IBC is one to five percent of breast cancer diagnosed in the United States. In a matter of weeks to months Inflammatory breast cancer is already at stage III or IV at time of diagnosis. It seems to be diagnosed at a younger age than most breast cancers. The median age is fifty-seven for IBC and sixty-seven for other breast cancer. It is more common in African American women than white women and is diagnosed at a younger age in African Americans. The average is fifty-four years old. It is more common in obese women than normal weight. It can be also be found in males (ââ¬Å"Inflammatory Breast Cancer,â⬠April 18, 2012). One symptom is abnormal warmth of affected breast. The others are enlargement of breast, redness that involves more than one third of the breast, thickening of skin on the breast, pitting or ridging of skin, like an orange peel, and can become harder than the other (ââ¬Å"Signs and Symptoms,â⬠August 28, 2014). The symptoms can worsen in a few days to even a few hours. These symptoms are very common to those of mastitis, and cellulitis. Mastitis and cellulitis are caused by bacteria and can be treated easily by antibiotics. If you are diagnosed with either of the above infections and it is not responding to medication then go see a breast professional.Show MoreRelatedInformative Essay : Inflammatory Breast Cancer Essay1736 Words à |à 7 PagesInflammatory Breast Cancer Working as a nurse on a busy inpatient oncology unit can be rewarding. It is busy. It can be crazy. I see things that I would have never thought possible. Around Thanksgiving of 2012 I had a lady that came into the hospital with a host of problems. Before I could assess her and see what was happening, I had to peel off a very worn, purple, faux fur coat that was caked with blood. Removing her coat, I could see that her clothes were in similar shape. 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These studies that have shown the relationship Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-62756955900891470652020-05-12T05:21:00.001-07:002020-05-12T05:21:02.333-07:00Environment Protection Is A Country s Fundamental Policy Abstract Environment protection is a countryââ¬â¢s fundamental policy. Globalization has encouraged TNCs to move from their mother countries to hosr countries in pursuit of more profit. This has caused serious pollution problems. To maintain their benefits, TNCs are take strategies and using tactics to influence the developing countriesââ¬â¢ environmental policy making. They always succeed just because of their own political power behind their financial strength. This paper explores how and why transnational corporations seek to influence host countriesââ¬â¢ environmental policy, and explains what is the source of their strong political power, and discuss how TNCs can play a positive role in environmental protection. TNCsââ¬â¢ environmental responsibilities are becoming particularly a matter of urgent concerns, heavy emphasis and worthy research. All corporates should be theoretically obligated to fullfil their social accountabilities including the environmental ones because their manufacturing and managing activities impact on the environment, but TNCs are playing a more crucial role in their host countriesââ¬â¢ sustainable development because of their massive sizes and powerful strength. They can cast the governments aside and have the power to move all or part of their business overseas.They should not treat the host countries as their pollution pouring zones and profit from overseas weak environment. A transnational corporation differs from a traditional multinational corporation in thatShow MoreRelatedRole Of Judiciary : Court s Guidelines1488 Words à |à 6 PagesRole of judiciary: - Court s guidelines INDIAN AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW The fact remains that they have a persuasive value and command respect. The Rio declaration is the product of hectic discussion out of the leaders of the nation of the world and it was after negotiations between the develop and the developing countries that an almost consensus declaration had been sorted out. Environment is an international problem having no frontiers creating trans- boundary effects. In this fieldRead MoreThe Free Movement Of Persons1683 Words à |à 7 Pagesââ¬Å"The free movement of persons is one of the four fundamental freedoms of the internal market. 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If they observe an employee misusing, abusing, and /or not Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-30406306745812431952020-05-06T11:53:00.001-07:002020-05-06T11:53:04.794-07:00Funny in Farsi Immigration Free Essays America has often been called ââ¬Å"The Land of the Freeâ⬠, where opportunities are like the bounteous fish caught at sea; the catch may be large or small, may come sooner or later. Just as the Gold Rush prompted for many miners to come about, the promising opportunities have prompted for immigrants to pour into in America. Although this chance for a new beginning has vastly beckoned immigrants, there are sacrifices immigrants must make along with newfound chances. We will write a custom essay sample on Funny in Farsi Immigration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Succumbing to social alienation is one of the sacrifices that immigrants must make. In the memoir, Funny in Farsi, by Firoozeh Dumas, and the studies of Djuro J. Vrga on Differential Associational Involvement of Successive Ethnic Immigrations: An Indicator of Ethno-Religious Factionalism and Alienation of Immigrants, the depths of social alienation and its influence on immigrants are reviewed. Dumasââ¬â¢ memoir describes the experience of an Iranian growing up in America, whilst Vrgaââ¬â¢s study is applied to different sociocultural aspects of life immigrants may encounter. Cultural differences in morality, ethics, values and political standings all play an substantial role when discussing social alienation. However, more often than so, the Americans are the social alienators while the immigrants are the socially alienated. Though Americans were once so to speakââ¬âimmigrants, as if Americans are rotten crops from the harvests of heritage, immigrants are the freshly picked fruits of culture and tradition, and a batch of flawless tomatoes obviously stand out amongst the rundown veggies. Firoozeh Dumas highlights the awkward feelings entailed with social alienation as a theme throughout the memoir. Dumas recalls on several occasions how uneasy and disturbing it is to be singled out, ââ¬Å"I cringed. Mrs. Sandberg, using a combination of hand gestures, started pointing to the map and saying, ââ¬Å"Iran? Iran? Iran? â⬠Clearly, Mrs. Sandberg had planned on incorporating us into the dayââ¬â¢s lesson. I only wished she had told us that earlier so we could have stayed home. â⬠(Dumas 6). Merely because it was a tad unusual to have an Iranian family join the community, Dumasââ¬â¢ teacher decided it would be perfectly normal to use people of a unique heritage for the lesson as though they were show-and-tell puppets when they are after all, people. Daily ââ¬Ëencountersââ¬â¢ with other Americans through Dumasââ¬â¢ experiences epict how the lack of geographic knowledge has further contributed to alienation and its bond with immigrants, ââ¬Å" Inevitably, people would ask us where we were from, but our answer didnââ¬â¢t really matter. One mention of our homeland and people would get that uncomfortable smile on their face that says, ââ¬Å" How nice. Where the heck is that? â⬠(Dumas 37). Despite the seemingly minor extent of social alienation found in Dumasââ¬â¢ more humorous examples, the isolation of cultures does occasionally meet with a rather unreasonable but inevitable high tide. As the Iranian Revolution took place, the media fed its always starving Americans with the news that Iranians had violently taken a group of Americans hostage, ââ¬Å" For some reason, many Americans began to think that all Iranians, despite outward appearances to the contrary, could at any given moment get angry and take prisoners. (Dumas 39. ) This kind of media induced prejudice created an unsafe social environment for Iranians, ultimately forcing them to lie about their ethnicities, ââ¬Å" My mother solved the problem by claiming to be from Russia or ââ¬Å"Torekey. â⬠(Dumas 39. Other than lying about oneââ¬â¢s ethnicity, finding and keeping a job was nearly impossible during these sorts of times, ââ¬Å" Even worse, with the turmoil in Iran, the value of my fatherââ¬â¢s pension dropped to the point of worthlessness. At fifty-eight, my father found himself unemployed and with no prospects. Nobody wanted to hire an Iranian. â⬠(Dumas 117. ) Coinciding with the urgency of unemployment due to societal prejudices, Djuro J. Vrgaââ¬â¢s views on the matter are quite blunt, ââ¬Å" An immigrant must make two kinds of adjustments: (1) to his own ethnic group, and (2) to the larger ociety. â⬠(Vrga 239. ) Without restriction to the Iranian Revolution, Dumasââ¬â¢ experience and Vrgaââ¬â¢s analogy reveal a now unearthed concept that social alienation is composed of both a minority and a versing majority. All throughout her life, Firoozeh Dumas was forced to contend to a traditional upbringing contrary to the contemporary surroundings she lived in. These two opposing factors were the necessary ingredients creating the recipe for social alienation, whereas if Dumas were not Iranian and born purely American there would be a missing ingredient. Even in marital matters, Dumas faced the same kind of discouraging social issues, ââ¬Å" Francois and I had agreed that we would be married both in the Catholic Church and in a traditional Persian ceremony. The tough part was finding a Catholic priest who would be willing to officiate at a mixed marriage. â⬠(Dumas 145-146. ) The interracial circumstances binding the wedding like a serpent does its prey, Firoozeh Dumas consistently meets with American shortcomings. In 1977, Washington, D. C. , Iranians were invited to welcome the Shah, or Iranian leader, who was cheduled to meet Jimmy Carter, a newly elected president. Unfortunately, anti-Shah demonstrators interfered with the event, ââ¬Å"The demonstrators had crossed the road. They were stampeding toward us waving sticks with nails driven into them. People were screaming and running. Instead of Iranian flags, the lawn was covered with bloody and injured Iranians. My parents and I ran and ran and ran. â⬠(Dumas 113. ) The segregation of Iranians uprooted into a violent and gruesome scene, agreeable with Djuro J. Vrgaââ¬â¢s perspective on such issues, ââ¬Å"The ethnic group is a social system through which its members atisfy many of their social needs and express frustration resulting from unsatisfied expectations and aspirations in the larger society. (Vrga 239. ) The larger society in Dumasââ¬â¢ case was composed of the anti-Shah demonstrators, whom successfully destroyed a political event with their distaste for Iranians. Regardless of the many stages social alienation has set, it appears that time has an influential hand when it comes to deciding whether the stage will be a dandy garden, or a gloomy swamp. Funny in Farsi is a memoir that not only shows how growing up an immigrant can be, but how t affects oneââ¬â¢s social standings in society. Djuro J.à Vrgaââ¬â¢s Differential Associational Involvement of Successive Ethnic Immigrations: An Indicator of Ethno-Religious Factionalism and Alienation of Immigrants serves only further in accentuating the conditional aspects an immigrant must face. Though social alienation may be a recurring theme in Dumasââ¬â¢ memoir, it is truthful and consequently a recurring theme in possibly any immigrantââ¬â¢s life. Humorous indeed, it could be Funny in Any Language; there are no restrictions on where social alienation might pop up, but Dumas provides a great example nonetheless. How to cite Funny in Farsi Immigration, Essay examples Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-8235090241626552302020-05-01T15:06:00.001-07:002020-05-01T15:06:02.458-07:00International Expansion Plans Question: Describe about the International expansion plan. Answer: Introduction International expansion plan refers to the activities of the business undertaken by the company in several countries all over the world. It is more than just making investments in the regions outside the home country. The international expansion plan is mainly a guide to the expansion tips of an international business. The international expansion plan mainly refers to the strategies of the companies to expand in the new markets by professionally making the use of their potential. The international expansion plan mainly comprises of the strategies that includes the strategy of market entry (Verbeke 2013). The international expansion plan in this case is for a trading tobacco company in Arab and the name of the company is Prestige General Trading. This company was established in the year 2008 and it is a multinational organization with an international commodity trade house. This company mainly focuses on the production of tobacco, fertilizer, agriculture as well as metals (Channon and Jalland 2016). International Expansion of the company in Asia The strategy of Prestige General Trading Company is to expand its business and capture new prospects in Asia, Europe as well as north and South America. The company has a strong presence in the international market. As per the recent trends, the company desires to expand its trade in Asia. With nearly 280 million individuals who uses tobacco, China becomes the international tobacco market with nearly 60 percent of the population involved in smoking. The company will be able to gain if it is capable of expanding the market in China (Yao et al. 2014). Initial expansion of Prestige General Trading Prestige General Trading is a multi expanded general trading company which is located in various financial services which in turn represents various producers as well as financial institutions in the competitive market. Prestige General Trading continues the expansion of its Global Network of new supply channels with the help of joint ventures. The company is mainly engaged in the physical trading of the tobacco products. The initial expansion of the company has taken place in Singapore, Dubai, the USA as well as Europe. The company is known to operate via service centers and the branches which are located all over the world. The initial expansion of the company also includes the fact that the company has visualized in the world of aquariums. PGT is known to offer state-of-the-art aquarium solutions that range from big public aquariums to eye-catching business settings. PGT also offers unmatched commodities and services that include widespread experience in aquatic biology as well as engineering that is combined with strategic partnerships with global subject manufacturers. PGT is known to offer completely incorporated marketable as well as residential solutions for aquaria of various sizes all over the world. KPI of the company KPI or the key performance indicator is a set of quantifiable measure that is used by a company in order to gauge the performance of the company over a period of time. The progress of a company is generally determined by the KPI. The total annual sale of the company has been estimated to be 2.5 million USD. The percentage of export of the company is 45 percent. International Strategy that will help the company The international strategy will help the company to expand its business on the worldwide basis as it leads to a broad range of the business strategies. The international strategy will also help the company to get adapted to the domestic environment. Being a trading company, the main objective of the company is to lead to the growth of the company. The foreign operation will help the company to attract the executives who will help them to reduce their budget as well as to augment the profit (International Business Strategy - Reasons and Forms of Expansion into Foreign Markets 2013). Pricing strategy The pricing strategy that a trading company should undertake is the geographical pricing that will help the company to decide how to price its goods to the diverse customers. The pricing strategy will help the company to decide whether they will charge a higher price to the distant customers in order to cover the cost of shipping or they will charge a lower price so as to gain additional profit as well as business (Danziger et al. 2014). Modes of Entry The mode of entry that will be beneficial for the company is joint venture and licensing. Since, it is a tobacco company licensing will authorize the company in the target country to use the property of a licensor. In order to get the right to use the insubstantial property in the target market, the company needs to pay a fee to get the license (Boon and Liang 2015) With the help of joint ventures, Prestige General Trading continues the expansion of its Global Network of new supply channels. Joint venture mode of entry will help the company to stay up to date about the latest movement in the market and it will also help the company to make smarter investment decision. The joint venture will help the company to build an equal position and an executive voice in the foreign country (Block and Walter 2012). The year 2014 was a significant year for the Chinese market and as a result, China became the China Global Demographic. China comprises of 25 different groups of market which in turn is characterized by unique climate as well as expansion and wealth. As per the reports, in the past few years it has been recorded that more and more Chinese started to travel the world for the purpose of business. Planned outcomes The outcome will be that the company will be able to gain by adopting the geographical pricing strategy as well as the licensing and joint venture mode of entry. Conclusion It can be concluded that Prestige General Trading is a multinational organization with an international commodity trade house. It has also been concluded that the pricing strategy that the company should undertake is the geographical pricing that will help the company to decide how to price its goods to the diverse customers. As per the recent trends, the company desires to expand its trade in Asia where it has been found that China is the international tobacco market with nearly 60 percent of the population involved in smoking. The mode of entry that will be helpful for the Prestige General Trading Company is joint venture and licensing. Joint venture mode of entry will help the company to stay up to date about the latest movement in the market. However, licensing will authorize the company in the target country to use the property of a licensor. References Ajami, R., Cool, K., Goddard, J.G. and Khambata, D.M., 2014.International business: Theory and practice. Routledge. Block, J.H. and Walter, S.G., 2012. National culture and modes of entry into entrepreneurship.Available at SSRN 2027864. Boon, B.T.L. and Liang, T.W., 2015. Firms Marketing Mix Effectiveness and Modes of Entry in the Host Countries. InProceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 474-474). Springer International Publishing. Channon, D.F. and Jalland, M., 2016.Multinational strategic planning. Springer. Danziger, S., Hadar, L. and Morwitz, V.G., 2014. Retailer pricing strategy and consumer choice under price uncertainty.Journal of Consumer Research,41(3), pp.761-774. International Business Strategy - Reasons and Forms of Expansion into Foreign Markets. (2013). Poland: Katarzyna Twarowska, p.2. Verbeke, A., 2013.International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Yao, T., Jiang, N., Grana, R., Ling, P.M. and Glantz, S.A., 2014. A content analysis of electronic cigarette manufacturer websites in China.Tobacco control, pp.tobaccocontrol-2014. Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-42590486897480531672020-03-21T23:40:00.001-07:002020-03-21T23:40:02.667-07:00Types of Diction FlashcardTypes of Diction Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-91256373121333146072020-03-05T14:07:00.001-08:002020-03-05T14:07:02.667-08:00Developmental Profile of a Preschool Child Essay ExampleDevelopmental Profile of a Preschool Child Essay Example Developmental Profile of a Preschool Child Paper Developmental Profile of a Preschool Child Paper a Developmental Profile of a Preschool Child specifically aged Four to Five old ages and the appropriate Toys. The cognitive and physical abilities of a kid aged between four and five ( kindergartners ) will be discussed and five recommended playthings have been chosen to develop their necessary accomplishments. I have chosen this age group as I believe that information in this period is important as kids are come ining primary school in the undermentioned twelvemonth. It has been stressed that learning Begins long before they attend school, through household, equals and playthings ( Vygotsky, p. 32, 1978 ) . This is why 1 must understand past research carried out kid development and the plaything which support this patterned advance. The Cognitive Profile of a Preschool kid specifically Four to Five twelvemonth old At this phase, the kid is less egoistic where they can comprehend a state of affairs from another s point of view ( Bee A ; Boyd, 2006 ) . The kid besides additions understanding of theories of head, tested by the false belief experiment, which is seeing the universe from another s point of position and developing causality ( Bergen, 2002 ) . Children are able interpret experiences which make an impact on their beliefs. They besides play make-believe by inventing symbols, for illustration, a kid uses apparels coppices to do a train ( Astington, Harris A ; Olson, 1989 ) . At this age, the kid is unable to finish formal thought, for illustration they can non follow strict regulations to take part in board games. Childs are still challenged by preservation which refers to understanding mental imagination and their rotary motion ( Piaget A ; Barbel, 1971 ) . Since a kid normally grasps the construct of preservation by the age of five, utilizing Vygotsky s theory stresses that playthings could heighten this idea, specifically degree of proximal development, Proximal development stresses the capableness that a kid can achieve through supervising of friends and household ( Vygotsky, 1971 ) .. Language development is critical where kids typically learn 10 new words a twenty-four hours ( Boyd A ; Bee, p.191, 2008 ) . It is necessary that kids can develop classs where new information can be filed ; this is known as fast function ( Boyd and Bee, 2008 ) . Piaget provinces that kids encompass centration where the kid can merely think of one variable at clip , for illustration all life and non life animate beings are distinguished by motion ( Boyd A ; Bee, p.185, 2008 ) . Furthermore gender consciousness is established ; blending with similar gender and the associated plaything. However it has been found that misss are more likely to traverse the gender boundary as they are influenced to prosecute in make-believe drama instead than agentic drama ( Etaugh A ; Bridges, 2005 ) . Recommended Toys for Four- Five Year Olds. Extensive research has recognised that drama is a cardinal portion of kids s growing in footings of rational, motor and personal and societal development ( Website ) . Many activities are learned through drama, for illustration, find, concentration, creativeness, developing motor and societal accomplishments. The chief types for a kindergartner are societal drama, constructive drama, energetic and make-believe drama ( Goldstein, 2009 ) . First Toy ; Fisher- Price Medical Kit The doctor-patient functions will help a kid in doing sense of their ain world. The physician s setup and consciousness of their ain organic structure parts leads to linguistic communication acquisition. Besides the playthings are colorful and will help a kid s all right motor accomplishments. Second plaything ; Play-doh Fun with Food Meal Makin Kitchen This plaything assists fanciful drama where the kid can feign to cook a mealtime and is symbolic of existent life. This is a sociable plaything so that the kid will interact with others, which can take to societal and linguistic communication accomplishments. Besides the kid can larn their colorss and develop classs in footings of forms. The construct of preservation can be understood and force their degree of proximal development. Play-doh would besides develop motor accomplishments in footings of turn overing the drama ut, keeping different cookery utensils etc. Third Toy ; Music-to-Go Digital Music Player Book Dora the Explorer This plaything increases kids riming and develops phonological consciousness, which assists reading and composing in primary school. The kid can larn and sing along to the 20 popular vocals. The book is colorful and a kid can prosecute by forcing buttons and listening to the vocals. It besides provides a good theoretical account for misss as Dora stresses misss to prosecute in agentic drama and supports find. Fourth Toy ; Huffy Toy Story 16 inch motorcycle The out-of-door motorcycle can develop arm and leg musculuss, assist co-ordination and ocular spacial consciousness. This motorcycle is a good bargain as the stabilizers can be taken off and be used up to eight old ages. This plaything besides is male child orientated which stresses gender penchant at this age, nevertheless there is a girl manner of this motorcycle. Fifth Toy ; Fisher-Price Smart Fit Park This game electronic indoor game ; supports both cognitive and physical promotion for illustration, activities invoke running, jumping, skiping and leaping on the mat with your pes and custodies in order to come on in the game. The kid will develop accomplishments in numeracy, letters, place forms and is comparatively gender impersonal. This plaything can be used in advanced old ages as spelling, add-on and minus are considered. The kid s attending span is improved due to uninterrupted inducements ( Babycenter, 2008 ) . Discussion The first plaything invokes function drama which assists sociable talk. It can cut down egocentricism as the kids must play harmonizing to a function so they listen and respond in the peculiar state of affairs. It has been found that take parting in fanciful dramas can help coaction of address, for case the betterment signifier collective soliloquies to sociable talk ( Piaget A ; Barbel, 1971 ) . Assimilation allows new information into specific scheme for illustration go toing the physicians. The chief intent of this plaything is to cut down egocentricism and do the kid more socialized. The play-doh urges the kid to hold on preservation and fanciful drama. Play doh assists the theory of preservation where the same measure of play-doh can be long or short but it still consists of the same sum. The 3rd plaything helps linguistic communication development as phonological consciousness is polar at this phase, riming improves the kid s ability to interrupt down words. In clip, at the optimum age, they can larn to read and compose at a faster gait ( Boyd A ; Bee, 2006 ) . The 4th plaything is chiefly related to one s physical development nevertheless it leads to a kid bettering their balance and aware of their ocular spacial consciousness. The kid has more control over the motorcycle and can force a batch faster ( Oswalt, 2008 ) . The 5th plaything collaborate both cognitive and physical development where the kid learns forms, coloring material, and develop new mental scheme as a consequence. This plaything enhances one time cognition of centration as the kid must concentrate on a figure of variables, for illustration winning the race, forcing the right button on the mat ( Boyd A ; Bee, 2006 ) . Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-60863275226636831582020-02-18T05:34:00.001-08:002020-02-18T05:34:03.119-08:00How does changing the ways in which we connect to others offer us new, EssayHow does changing the ways in which we connect to others offer us new, positive possibilities How does it affect us negatively - Essay Example There are plenty of ways to connect nowadays, though the old traditional one is coming face to face for a conversation ââ¬â it enables the fullest effect and the most genuine emotions. However, it is often impossible because of the distance, lack of time or other factors. Nowadays, technologies offer the mankind a thousand options and opportunities ââ¬â for work, shopping, entertainment and communication. One doesnââ¬â¢t need travel to another part of the country or even the world to see and talk to his/her relatives as it is now possible to call them on the phone, e-mail them or write on Facebook. Keeping in touch with friends is also much easier via social networking technologies, and prompt professional communications are guaranteed as cellphones, faxes and computers are always at your fingertips. In general, technology has been playing a significant role in our lives recently, and its importance continues to increase. Growing popularity of the World Wide Web make us mo re and more addicted to the new ways of communication and connecting to people. In fact, our entire social life beginning with childhood is now dominated by technological means of communication, which produces a complex and dubious effect on us. Technologies as new ways of connecting to people may either offer opportunities or impose difficulties on people, and this issue is considered in works of Sherry Turkle and Adam Gopnik. Adam Gopniks essay, ââ¬Å"Bumping into Mr. Ravioliâ⬠, offers a look at the issue of overwhelming technologies, perpetual busyness caused by them and the state of suspension in communication between people. Turkle elaborates on related ideas in her book, ââ¬Å"Alone Togetherâ⬠(the fragment of which was offered for reading), promoting the idea that technologies crowd our lives overwhelming us and making us tired of life they make possible. Thus, technological means of communication and connection to the outer world produce an ambiguous mixed effect on Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-88990580523499448552020-02-03T17:06:00.001-08:002020-02-03T17:06:04.030-08:00FLSA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1FLSA - Essay Example According to this act overtime is defined as "time actually spent in worked after a prescribed threshold.â⬠This Act give exemptions to some of the employees from its provision of minimum wage and overtime pay as well as it also exempts some particular employees only from its provision of the overtime. As these exemptions are defined narrowly, Suzy should have to contact the Wage and Hour Division office in the local area in order to check whether or not the terms and conditions would support her complaint. There are only some issues drawn in here, which can be considered under the guidelines of Department of Labor. From en entirely legal point of view, the former employer currently offering the benefits must bargain with the participants of the insurance plan, or a fair percentage must be considered. Since completely abandoning the policy may result in financial distress to a lot of employees as mentioned by the HR, an alternative plan must be sought that the company may pursue keeping in view the financial condition of the company as well as that of its employees. In order to have a better decision, employees may be involved and suggestions may be welcomed from the employees and the overall financial condition of the company may be conveyed to them, so that a better understanding may result of the Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-41600812588371648972020-01-26T13:30:00.001-08:002020-01-26T13:30:06.118-08:00Stock Price Reaction To Annual Earnings AnnouncementsStock Price Reaction To Annual Earnings Announcements Any decision carried out by the management of any organization needs adequate, accurate and precise information, on the basis of that information the management procures their analysis and undertake decision. If decision to be taken involves any financial aspect, this increases the scope and accuracy of the information. Financial decisions require adequate and accurate information; therefore, it is important that the behaviour of individual market is investigated for informed financial decision making, Oguzusy and Guiven (2003). In this respect many theories were presented. One of them is about the market efficiency which is termed as efficient market hypothesis (EMH). The concept of market efficiency had been anticipated at the beginning of the century by Bachelier (1900) in his dissertation. Fama (1970) classified market efficiency in three categories namely, weak form, semi strong form and strong form of efficiency; weak form of efficiency which defines as one cant earn abnormal return by doing technical analysis of the market or of a particular stock. Technical analysis means predicting future prices by studying historical prices of a particular share or a market. The Second form of efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is semi-strong form of efficiency. This form of market efficiency makes impossible for an investor to earn extra return on security by knowing the publicly available information; this includes companys financial results, any particular event or news which affects the company the share prices adjust rapidly with these new publicly available information therefore excess return cant be earn by trading on that information. The last form of efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is the strong form of efficiency and can be define as share prices reflects all public and private information (insider information) and consequently it is not possible for a stock holder to earn extra return on the basis of these information. According to efficient market hypothesis (EMH) the stock prices in an efficient market fully reflect their investment value Ajayi, Mehdian Perry (2004). The security pricing process instantaneously impound the available information in an efficient market and it is not possible to beat an efficient market that by using data mining, trading strategy or by any technical analysis to get consistently abnormal returns. Efficient market hypothesis (EMH) assumed that (1) All investors have cost-less access to currently available information about the future. (2) They are good analysts; and (3) They pay close attention to the market process and adjust their holdings appropriately. Many models including Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test, variance ratio test (VR), Ljung Box Q-statistics, and Durbin Watsonââ¬Ëd statistics have been based on this concept of informational efficiency of capital markets. However the late seventies and the eighties brought in evidences questioning the validity and highlighting various anomalies related to the Stock market efficiency. There are many focused studies that demonstrate the possible trading strategies yielding abnormal rates of return using the historical data and publicly available information ruling out the efficacy of markets. The empirical studies evidencing the inefficiency are broadly related to the following: (1) The low price-earning (P/E) effect: Researches show that stocks with low price earning (P/E) ratios earned more for investors, which is contradictory to Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Fama and French (1995) found that market and size factors in earnings help explain market and size factors in returns. (2) The small firm and neglected firm effects: Banz (1981), Reinganum (1981) and other researchers show the size or small-firm effect in stock return. Their analysis support the evidence that small firm with low capitalization can earn higher returns than the large firm with large capitalization. (3) Market over and under reaction: DeBondt and Thaler (1985, 1987) present evidence that is consistent with stock prices over reacting to current changes in earnings. They report positive (negative) estimated abnormal stock returns for portfolios that previously generated inferior (superior) stock price and earning performance. This could be construed as the prior period stock price behaviour over reacting to earnings developments (Bernard, 1993). (4) The January effect: The January effect in stock returns was documented by many researchers. Their analysis suggested that January has a highest return as compared to other months. January effect was first discovered by Rozeff and Kinney (1976) for US stock markets. Later other researchers like Gultekin and Gultekin (1983), Chang and Pinegar (1986) documented the same result for other countries stock markets. (5) The week day effect: This refers to the observation that stocks return are not independent of the day of the week effect. A notable anomaly is the Monday effect in daily stock returns, which suggests that stock returns are significantly lower or negative on Mondays relative to other week days. This ââ¬ËMonday effect has been extensively examined not only in U.S. asset markets but in international markets as well, for example French (1980), Lakonishok and Levi (1982), Mehdian Perry (2001) and Lakonishok Smidt (1988). In week day effect the last trading day that is Friday was characterized with a positive return and the first trading day that is Monday is characterized with a low or negative return. Later this interesting study was also carried out on other countries stock markets and the researchers found out the same result, but still few studies has been done on emerging Asian stock markets. Karachi Stock Exchange (Kse) The Karachi Stock Exchange abbreviated as KSE is a stock exchange based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded in 1947 and is countrys largest and oldest stock exchange, with both Pakistani and overseas listings. It is also the second oldest stock exchange in South Asia. From its inception in 1947, it has done an amazing progress. In 1950s, only 05 companies listed and 90 members were there on the exchange and at the end of 2007 the number of listed companies increased by 666 which make a total of 671 listed companies and the member on the exchange goes up from 90 to 200 during these years. Its current premises are situated in the heart of Karachis Business District, on Stock Exchange Road. History KSE is the biggest and most liquid exchange. It was recognized worldwide for performing well in 2002 by Business Week magazine. US newspaper, USA Today, termed Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) as one of the best performing bourses in the world. As of December 20, 2007, 671 companies were listed with the market capitalization of Rs.4364.312 billion (US$ 73 Billion) having listed capital of Rs.717.3 billion (US$ 12 billion). In the same year, the KSE 100 Index reached its ever highest value and closed at 14,814.85 points. Trading Time The trading hours are from 9:45am to 2:15pm on weekdays and 9:30am to 1:30pm on Friday. Growth The beginning of the exchange was very low with an index of 50 shares only. As the market grew, a delegate index was needed. On November 1st, 1991 the KSE-100 index was introduced and till present it is the most generally accepted measure of the exchange. The need to reconfirm for all share indexes was felt in 1995 and to provide the beginning of index trading in future. And this was achieved on 29th of August, 1995, constructing all share indexes and introduced on 18th of September, 1995. Foreign interests were very active on KSE in 2006 and the interest continued in 2007 also. According to the estimates given by State Bank of Pakistan, foreign investment in capital markets total about US$523 Million. According to a research analyst in Pakistan, around 20% of the total free float in KSE-30 Index is held by foreign participants. There is a plan to build high rise building for the KSE as a new direction to future investments. The decision was taken by the board of directors, Karachi stock exchange (KSE). Disputes between investors and members of the Exchange are resolved through deliberations of the Arbitration Committee of the Exchange. Kse ââ¬â 100 Index Karachi Stock Exchange 100 Index (KSE-100 Index) is a benchmark and stock index used to compare prices overtime. In determining representative companies to compute the index, companies with the highest market capitalization are selected. To ensure full market representation, the company with the highest market capitalization from each sector is also included. The list of 100 companies listed in Karachi Stock Exchange is presented in Table # 01. The Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) has also launched the KSE-30 Index with base value of 10,000 points, implemented from September 1, 2006. The main feature of this index is that it based only on the free-float of shares, rather than on the basis of paid-up capital which differ it from the other indices. Unlike the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) which represents total return of the market, KSE-30 index is adjusted for dividends and right shares. That is, when a company announces a dividend, the other indices at Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) are not reduced for that amount of dividend. Whereas KSE-30 Index is adjusted for dividends and right shares only Table # 01 List of 100 Companies listed In Karachi Stock Exchange ââ¬â 100 Index No. Company Name No. Company Name 1 Pakistan Refinery 51 Pakistan Telecom. Co.Ltd 2 EFU General Ins 52 Sui North Gas 3 Pakistan Reinsur 53 New Jubilee Insurance 4 EFU Life Assurance 54 Mybank Limited 5 Dawood Herc. 55 WorldCall Telecom 6 Ist.Capital Securities 56 D.G.Khan Cement 7 Mari Gas 57 Pakistan State Oil 8 Siemens Pakistan 58 PICIC Growth 9 Bata (Pakistan) 59 Fauji Cement 10 Adamjee Insurance 60 Standard Chartard Bank 11 Attock Refinery 61 IGI Insurance 12 Jahangir Siddiqque Co. 62 Sui South Gas 13 Pak.National Shipping Corp. 63 Karachi Electric Supply Corp. 14 Bank Al-Falah 64 Shell Pakistan 15 Meezan Bank 65 Wazir Ali 16 Bannu Woollen 66 Samin Textiles 17 JS Global Cap. 67 Bestway Cement 18 Rafhan Maize 68 Maple Leaf Cement 19 Habib Metro Bank 69 Pioneer Cement 20 Nestle Pakistan 70 Javedan Cement 21 Pakistan Elektron 71 Fazal Textile 22 Lucky Cement 72 Pak.PTA Ltd. 23 Pakistan Tobacco 73 ABN AMRO Bank 24 MCB Bank 74 NIB Bank 25 Bank AL-Habib 75 Bosicor Pakistan 26 Pakistan Petroleum 76 Saudi Pak Bank 27 Attock Petroleum 77 Pakistan Cement 28 Engro Chemical 78 Agriautos Industries 29 National Refinery 79 AL-Ghazi Tractors 30 ICI Pakistan 80 Allied Bank 31 Colgate Palmolive 81 Arif Habib Securities 32 Abbott (Lab) 82 Askari Bank 33 Habib Bank Ltd 83 Atlas Honda 34 Attock Cement 84 Kot Addu Power Company 35 Azgard Nine 85 Lakson Tobacco 36 Bank of Punjab 86 National Bank of Pakistan 37 Fauji Fertilizers Bin 87 Nishat Mills 38 Fauji Fertiliz 88 Oil and Gas Development 39 Faysal Bank 89 Orix Leasing 40 Ghani Glass 90 Pakistan International Airlines 41 GlaxoSmith 91 Packages Limited 42 Habib Modarba 92 Pak Oilfields 43 Habib Sugar 93 Pak Services 44 Hub Power 94 Pak Suzuki 45 Ibrahim Fibres 95 Pakistan Intn`l Container Ter. 46 Indus Motor 96 Soneri Bank 47 International Industries limited 97 Thal Limited 48 JS Investment 98 UniLever Pakistan 49 Kohinoor Energy 99 Unilever Foods 50 Cresent Commercial Bank 100 United Bank (Source: Karachi Stock Exchange) History The index was launched in late 1991 with a base of 1,000 points. By 2001, it had grown to 1,770 points. By 2005, it had skyrocketed to 9,989 points. It then reached a peak of 12,285 in February 2007. KSE-100 index touched the highest ever benchmark of 14,814 points on December 26, 2007. The graph of last 10 years of KSE growth and index points is shown. The graph clearly shows the progress and continuous increment. Free Float Index: In order to introduce a free float index that is representative of the market, the KSE- 30 Sensitive Index was implemented with effect from September 1, 2006. The need for a market representative free float index was long felt as the capitalization weighted KSE 100 Index strongly tilted to a few scripts. Free float is based on the proportion of shares readily available for trading to the total shares issued and excludes the locked in shares. The criterion for the selection of scripts on KSE-30 index was revised on 15 February 2007 in line with international best practices to include the impact cost as a measure to gauge the liquidity of scrip. This study is about testing the semi-strong form of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) on the annual earnings announcement for the selected companies, listed on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) by using event study methodology (Fama et al. 1969; and Brown and Warner 1980, 1985).; Following this chapter the study is divided into six more chapters, they are; (1) Chapter two includes detailed Research aims and objectives, it also comprises of main problem and their sub problems; hypotheses of the study are also being discussed in this chapter. (2) In the third chapter, Review of relevant theoretical and empirical research has been done. In this chapter we have concluded that what has been done so far in this area of study both theoretically and empirically. (3) Fourth chapter covers Research methodology, data sources and method of sampling for the data. Methodology includes formulae and tests which are being used to test semi-strong form of efficient market hypothesis (EMH) on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). (4) Fifth chapter includes Research results and/or findings with supporting evidence. (5) Sixth chapter includes the research conclusions. (6) The seventh and the last chapter comprise of Recommendations; made with the help of Research results and/or findings. Scope And Limitation Of The Study The material in this dissertation to the best of my knowledge do not contain any previously published or written documents by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the research itself. If any errors found in the calculations made for this research that will be the sole responsibility of the writer. Statement Of Ethics And Originality Due to time constraint and non availability of the companys earnings announcement data from the Karachi stock exchange web site before 2004 the study is being carried out for just three years which includes 2005, 2006 and 2007. Moreover during the period of study which is year 2005, 2006 and 2007 there are few companies eliminated due to the non availability of the required data to carry out the calculations. Due to the limited availability of econometrics experts for guidance irrespective of the new sophisticated models for event studies, conventional models were used in this study despite the fact they have less predictive power than the other latest models. Aims, Objectives And Hypothesis Of The Study The following are the Aims Objectives of the study: To check whether the Semi-Strong form of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is valid for Karachi Stock Exchange` 100 ââ¬â 100 Index (KSE ââ¬â 100 Index). To examine the stock market reaction (KSE) to Annual Earnings Announcements. Problems The research is comprises with one main problem which is further divided into three sub problems each problem has its own hypothesis and to be solved separately. Main Problem Test whether semi-strong form of efficiency exists on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) or not. Sub Problem ââ¬â One Whether the annual earnings announcement affect complete on the day of announcement? We will calculate the normal return and the expected return and if it is close to zero; we will say that the annual earnings announcement affect complete on the day of announcement Sub Problem ââ¬â Two Share holders could not earn extra return; before, and after the announcement. We would first take the average of abnormal return and then cumulate the average abnormal return. In case where the AARs and the CAARs are closed to zero we will conclude our results that, investor or the share holder are not able to earn abnormal return by trading on event which is earnings announcement. Sub Problem ââ¬â Three The Average Abnormal Returns (AARs) are random. We used Runs test to analyze the randomness in the behavior of Average Abnormal Returns (AARs). To check whether the average abnormal returns occur by chance or not, we carried out Runs test. In case where the observed numbers of runs are significantly different from the expected number of runs, we will conclude our finding as Average Abnormal Returns (AARs) do not occur randomly. Alternatively, if these results were not statistically significant, we say that Average Abnormal Returns (AARs) do occur randomly. We carried out runs test on Average Abnormal Returns (AARs) before and after the event day and also for the event window. Hypothesis Since the study empirically examine the Karachi Stock Exchange`s 100 Index reaction to Annual Earnings Announcement and the hypothesis being tested are: Hypothesis For Sub Problem One HO: Our null hypothesis for sub problem ââ¬â one is that the stock prices reactions in response to the annual earnings announcement complete on the announcement day in addition to that, abnormal returns can`t be earn by the investors on stocks by trading on stocks after the announcement day. HO: Rit = AR = 0 H1: Rit = AR For testing above hypothesis we compute the estimated return for the event window and then compare it to the actual return, the estimated return will be calculated by using following equation; E (Rit) = à ±i + à ²i Rmt Under the null hypothesis if the estimated return of a stock is closed to zero we will accept the null hypothesis and if it is not than we will reject our hypothesis and bring to a close; that announcement do affect on returns. Hypothesis For Sub Problem Two HO: Our null hypothesis for sub problem ââ¬â two is that returns are close to zero for average abnormal returns and their respective cumulative average abnormal returns for the selective securities in the study HO: AAR ââ°Ë CAAR = 0 H1: AAR ââ°Ë CAAR To test the above hypothesis first we will calculate the average abnormal return (AAR) and then cumulative average abnormal return (CAAR) with the help of the following formulae; For Average Abnormal Return à £ ARit AAR it = i=1 . N Where, i = the number of securities in the study; N = total number of securities. t = the days surrounding the event-day For Cumulative Average Abnormal Return K CAARt = à £ AARit Where, t = -30,0, +30. t = -30 If the average abnormal return and the cumulative average abnormal return are close to zero than we accept our null hypothesis otherwise we will reject it. 2.2.3 Hypothesis for Sub Problem ââ¬â Three HO: Our null hypothesis for sub problem ââ¬â three is that the difference between the no. of positive and negative average abnormal returns as not significant and they occur randomly. HO: Z = 0 H1: Z The null hypothesis of the test is that the observed series is a random series. A run is defined by Gibbons (1985), as ââ¬Å"A succession of identical symbols which are followed or preceded by different symbols or no symbol at allâ⬠The run test is another approach to test and detect statistical dependencies (randomness). The number of runs is computed as a sequence of the price changes of the same sign (such as; + +, , 0 0). When the expected number of run is significantly different from the observed number of runs, the test rejects the null hypothesis that the daily returns are random. The run test converts the total number of runs into a Z statistic. For large samples the Z statistics gives the probability of difference between the actual and expected number of runs. The Z value is greater than or equal to + 1.96, reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance (Sharma and Kennedy, 1977). Literature Review There have been a lot of studies conducted on Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), a concept; developed by Fama (1960) and divided capital market into three parts on the basis of its efficiency namely weak, semi-strong and strong form. For the event study, which is linked with semi ââ¬â strong form of market efficiency; below first we discuss the theoretical foundations and after that, the empirical evidence. Theoretical Foundations The origins of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) can be traced back to the work of two individuals, Eugene F. Fama (1960) and Paul A. Samuelson (1960). Remarkably, they independently developed the same basic concept of market efficiency from two rather different research agendas. These differences would drive them along two distinct trajectories leading to several other breakthroughs and milestones, all originating from their point of intersection, the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). The EMH state that in an efficient market where many well-informed and intelligent investors operates, the stock price imitates all the existing information and no other information or analysis can be used to earn abnormal returns. The arguments of Fama (1965) form the theoretical foundation for the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), which persuasively reasons that in an efficient and active market consisting of many well-informed investors, equity prices will appropriately reflect the effects of information based on present and future expected events. The strong form of the hypothesis asserts that the current market prices fully reflect all private (insider) and public information. In other words, insiders shouldn`t be able to earn excess returns from privileged asymmetric information. The strong form of the hypothesis represents an absolute standard, and in practice, market demonstrates only a certain degree of efficiency. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) claims that speculative market prices fully and immediately reflect all available relevant information. Fama categorised information as: publicly available information, information that eventually becomes public, insider information. Event studies are used in tests of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) to ask whether prices incorporate information fully on the day that the information is revealed. If Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) holds, the information about the event should be incorporated into prices before or on the day of the event itself. There should be no impact on returns after the event ââ¬Å"There was little evidence on the central issues of corporate finance, now we are overwhelmed with results, mostly from event studiesâ⬠(Fama, 1991, p. 1600) Event study analyses are typically used for two different purposes firstly as a test of semi-strong form market efficiency; and secondly as, assuming that the market efficiency hypothesis holds, as a tool for examining the impact of some event on the wealth of firms shareholders. Event studies measure security price changes in response to events. A single event study typically analyzes the average security price reaction to instances of the same type of event experienced by many firms. For example, the event could be the announcement of a merger. The event date can vary from one security to another in the same study, with dates measured in event time. Event studies have been used in a large variety of studies, including [mergers and acquisitions], earnings announcements, debt or equity issues, corporate reorganizations, investment decisions and corporate social responsibility MacKinlay (1997), McWilliams Siegel (1997). Empirical Evidence The debate about efficient markets has resulted in hundreds and thousands of empirical studies attempting to determine whether specific markets are in fact efficient and if so to what degree. Many novice investors are surprised to learn that a tremendous amount of evidence supports the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Since the late 1960s, the enormous study in the finance and accounting literature has recognized evidence of relationship between accounting reports and market reactions. Fama (1970) described an efficient market as having prices that ââ¬Å"fully reflectâ⬠all available information. Beaver (1981) offers a definition of market efficiency based on the information distribution when investors have mixed beliefs. Accounting reports probably are one of the sources of public information. Ball Brown (1968) examine the relationship between the accounting reports stock prices . Their results show that the market reacts to unexpected earnings as though the market participants had access to the good or bad news prior to the availability of this news to the market. They estimate that only 10 to15 percent of the market reaction takes place during the announcement month. Using another approach, similar results are also found in the work of Ball and Brown (1968) they examined price changes surrounding the announcement of a firms annual earnings and found that the stock market reacts quickly to annual earnings announcements. Ball (1992) and Bernard Thomas (1989) and (1990), documented significant delays in the adjustment of stock prices to quarterly earnings announcements. Developed countries of the world such as the USA, the UK, and Australia, etc. the amounts of researches on Efficient Market Hypothesis are extensive. Fama, Fisher, Jensen and Roll (1969) conducted the first study on semi-strong form of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). They examined the behaviour of abnormal returns at the announcements of stock splits and found that the market reaction is significant prior to the stock split announcement. Jordan (1973) assessed the behaviour of security prices surrounding the quarterly earnings announcements and found that stock market is efficient in the semi-strong form. In Asia until now some researches has been done. Kong, S. and Taghavi, M. (2006) study the Effect of Annual Earnings Anno Stock Price Reaction To Annual Earnings Announcements Stock Price Reaction To Annual Earnings Announcements Any decision carried out by the management of any organization needs adequate, accurate and precise information, on the basis of that information the management procures their analysis and undertake decision. If decision to be taken involves any financial aspect, this increases the scope and accuracy of the information. Financial decisions require adequate and accurate information; therefore, it is important that the behaviour of individual market is investigated for informed financial decision making, Oguzusy and Guiven (2003). In this respect many theories were presented. One of them is about the market efficiency which is termed as efficient market hypothesis (EMH). The concept of market efficiency had been anticipated at the beginning of the century by Bachelier (1900) in his dissertation. Fama (1970) classified market efficiency in three categories namely, weak form, semi strong form and strong form of efficiency; weak form of efficiency which defines as one cant earn abnormal return by doing technical analysis of the market or of a particular stock. Technical analysis means predicting future prices by studying historical prices of a particular share or a market. The Second form of efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is semi-strong form of efficiency. This form of market efficiency makes impossible for an investor to earn extra return on security by knowing the publicly available information; this includes companys financial results, any particular event or news which affects the company the share prices adjust rapidly with these new publicly available information therefore excess return cant be earn by trading on that information. The last form of efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is the strong form of efficiency and can be define as share prices reflects all public and private information (insider information) and consequently it is not possible for a stock holder to earn extra return on the basis of these information. According to efficient market hypothesis (EMH) the stock prices in an efficient market fully reflect their investment value Ajayi, Mehdian Perry (2004). The security pricing process instantaneously impound the available information in an efficient market and it is not possible to beat an efficient market that by using data mining, trading strategy or by any technical analysis to get consistently abnormal returns. Efficient market hypothesis (EMH) assumed that (1) All investors have cost-less access to currently available information about the future. (2) They are good analysts; and (3) They pay close attention to the market process and adjust their holdings appropriately. Many models including Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test, variance ratio test (VR), Ljung Box Q-statistics, and Durbin Watsonââ¬Ëd statistics have been based on this concept of informational efficiency of capital markets. However the late seventies and the eighties brought in evidences questioning the validity and highlighting various anomalies related to the Stock market efficiency. There are many focused studies that demonstrate the possible trading strategies yielding abnormal rates of return using the historical data and publicly available information ruling out the efficacy of markets. The empirical studies evidencing the inefficiency are broadly related to the following: (1) The low price-earning (P/E) effect: Researches show that stocks with low price earning (P/E) ratios earned more for investors, which is contradictory to Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Fama and French (1995) found that market and size factors in earnings help explain market and size factors in returns. (2) The small firm and neglected firm effects: Banz (1981), Reinganum (1981) and other researchers show the size or small-firm effect in stock return. Their analysis support the evidence that small firm with low capitalization can earn higher returns than the large firm with large capitalization. (3) Market over and under reaction: DeBondt and Thaler (1985, 1987) present evidence that is consistent with stock prices over reacting to current changes in earnings. They report positive (negative) estimated abnormal stock returns for portfolios that previously generated inferior (superior) stock price and earning performance. This could be construed as the prior period stock price behaviour over reacting to earnings developments (Bernard, 1993). (4) The January effect: The January effect in stock returns was documented by many researchers. Their analysis suggested that January has a highest return as compared to other months. January effect was first discovered by Rozeff and Kinney (1976) for US stock markets. Later other researchers like Gultekin and Gultekin (1983), Chang and Pinegar (1986) documented the same result for other countries stock markets. (5) The week day effect: This refers to the observation that stocks return are not independent of the day of the week effect. A notable anomaly is the Monday effect in daily stock returns, which suggests that stock returns are significantly lower or negative on Mondays relative to other week days. This ââ¬ËMonday effect has been extensively examined not only in U.S. asset markets but in international markets as well, for example French (1980), Lakonishok and Levi (1982), Mehdian Perry (2001) and Lakonishok Smidt (1988). In week day effect the last trading day that is Friday was characterized with a positive return and the first trading day that is Monday is characterized with a low or negative return. Later this interesting study was also carried out on other countries stock markets and the researchers found out the same result, but still few studies has been done on emerging Asian stock markets. Karachi Stock Exchange (Kse) The Karachi Stock Exchange abbreviated as KSE is a stock exchange based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded in 1947 and is countrys largest and oldest stock exchange, with both Pakistani and overseas listings. It is also the second oldest stock exchange in South Asia. From its inception in 1947, it has done an amazing progress. In 1950s, only 05 companies listed and 90 members were there on the exchange and at the end of 2007 the number of listed companies increased by 666 which make a total of 671 listed companies and the member on the exchange goes up from 90 to 200 during these years. Its current premises are situated in the heart of Karachis Business District, on Stock Exchange Road. History KSE is the biggest and most liquid exchange. It was recognized worldwide for performing well in 2002 by Business Week magazine. US newspaper, USA Today, termed Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) as one of the best performing bourses in the world. As of December 20, 2007, 671 companies were listed with the market capitalization of Rs.4364.312 billion (US$ 73 Billion) having listed capital of Rs.717.3 billion (US$ 12 billion). In the same year, the KSE 100 Index reached its ever highest value and closed at 14,814.85 points. Trading Time The trading hours are from 9:45am to 2:15pm on weekdays and 9:30am to 1:30pm on Friday. Growth The beginning of the exchange was very low with an index of 50 shares only. As the market grew, a delegate index was needed. On November 1st, 1991 the KSE-100 index was introduced and till present it is the most generally accepted measure of the exchange. The need to reconfirm for all share indexes was felt in 1995 and to provide the beginning of index trading in future. And this was achieved on 29th of August, 1995, constructing all share indexes and introduced on 18th of September, 1995. Foreign interests were very active on KSE in 2006 and the interest continued in 2007 also. According to the estimates given by State Bank of Pakistan, foreign investment in capital markets total about US$523 Million. According to a research analyst in Pakistan, around 20% of the total free float in KSE-30 Index is held by foreign participants. There is a plan to build high rise building for the KSE as a new direction to future investments. The decision was taken by the board of directors, Karachi stock exchange (KSE). Disputes between investors and members of the Exchange are resolved through deliberations of the Arbitration Committee of the Exchange. Kse ââ¬â 100 Index Karachi Stock Exchange 100 Index (KSE-100 Index) is a benchmark and stock index used to compare prices overtime. In determining representative companies to compute the index, companies with the highest market capitalization are selected. To ensure full market representation, the company with the highest market capitalization from each sector is also included. The list of 100 companies listed in Karachi Stock Exchange is presented in Table # 01. The Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) has also launched the KSE-30 Index with base value of 10,000 points, implemented from September 1, 2006. The main feature of this index is that it based only on the free-float of shares, rather than on the basis of paid-up capital which differ it from the other indices. Unlike the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) which represents total return of the market, KSE-30 index is adjusted for dividends and right shares. That is, when a company announces a dividend, the other indices at Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) are not reduced for that amount of dividend. Whereas KSE-30 Index is adjusted for dividends and right shares only Table # 01 List of 100 Companies listed In Karachi Stock Exchange ââ¬â 100 Index No. Company Name No. Company Name 1 Pakistan Refinery 51 Pakistan Telecom. Co.Ltd 2 EFU General Ins 52 Sui North Gas 3 Pakistan Reinsur 53 New Jubilee Insurance 4 EFU Life Assurance 54 Mybank Limited 5 Dawood Herc. 55 WorldCall Telecom 6 Ist.Capital Securities 56 D.G.Khan Cement 7 Mari Gas 57 Pakistan State Oil 8 Siemens Pakistan 58 PICIC Growth 9 Bata (Pakistan) 59 Fauji Cement 10 Adamjee Insurance 60 Standard Chartard Bank 11 Attock Refinery 61 IGI Insurance 12 Jahangir Siddiqque Co. 62 Sui South Gas 13 Pak.National Shipping Corp. 63 Karachi Electric Supply Corp. 14 Bank Al-Falah 64 Shell Pakistan 15 Meezan Bank 65 Wazir Ali 16 Bannu Woollen 66 Samin Textiles 17 JS Global Cap. 67 Bestway Cement 18 Rafhan Maize 68 Maple Leaf Cement 19 Habib Metro Bank 69 Pioneer Cement 20 Nestle Pakistan 70 Javedan Cement 21 Pakistan Elektron 71 Fazal Textile 22 Lucky Cement 72 Pak.PTA Ltd. 23 Pakistan Tobacco 73 ABN AMRO Bank 24 MCB Bank 74 NIB Bank 25 Bank AL-Habib 75 Bosicor Pakistan 26 Pakistan Petroleum 76 Saudi Pak Bank 27 Attock Petroleum 77 Pakistan Cement 28 Engro Chemical 78 Agriautos Industries 29 National Refinery 79 AL-Ghazi Tractors 30 ICI Pakistan 80 Allied Bank 31 Colgate Palmolive 81 Arif Habib Securities 32 Abbott (Lab) 82 Askari Bank 33 Habib Bank Ltd 83 Atlas Honda 34 Attock Cement 84 Kot Addu Power Company 35 Azgard Nine 85 Lakson Tobacco 36 Bank of Punjab 86 National Bank of Pakistan 37 Fauji Fertilizers Bin 87 Nishat Mills 38 Fauji Fertiliz 88 Oil and Gas Development 39 Faysal Bank 89 Orix Leasing 40 Ghani Glass 90 Pakistan International Airlines 41 GlaxoSmith 91 Packages Limited 42 Habib Modarba 92 Pak Oilfields 43 Habib Sugar 93 Pak Services 44 Hub Power 94 Pak Suzuki 45 Ibrahim Fibres 95 Pakistan Intn`l Container Ter. 46 Indus Motor 96 Soneri Bank 47 International Industries limited 97 Thal Limited 48 JS Investment 98 UniLever Pakistan 49 Kohinoor Energy 99 Unilever Foods 50 Cresent Commercial Bank 100 United Bank (Source: Karachi Stock Exchange) History The index was launched in late 1991 with a base of 1,000 points. By 2001, it had grown to 1,770 points. By 2005, it had skyrocketed to 9,989 points. It then reached a peak of 12,285 in February 2007. KSE-100 index touched the highest ever benchmark of 14,814 points on December 26, 2007. The graph of last 10 years of KSE growth and index points is shown. The graph clearly shows the progress and continuous increment. Free Float Index: In order to introduce a free float index that is representative of the market, the KSE- 30 Sensitive Index was implemented with effect from September 1, 2006. The need for a market representative free float index was long felt as the capitalization weighted KSE 100 Index strongly tilted to a few scripts. Free float is based on the proportion of shares readily available for trading to the total shares issued and excludes the locked in shares. The criterion for the selection of scripts on KSE-30 index was revised on 15 February 2007 in line with international best practices to include the impact cost as a measure to gauge the liquidity of scrip. This study is about testing the semi-strong form of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) on the annual earnings announcement for the selected companies, listed on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) by using event study methodology (Fama et al. 1969; and Brown and Warner 1980, 1985).; Following this chapter the study is divided into six more chapters, they are; (1) Chapter two includes detailed Research aims and objectives, it also comprises of main problem and their sub problems; hypotheses of the study are also being discussed in this chapter. (2) In the third chapter, Review of relevant theoretical and empirical research has been done. In this chapter we have concluded that what has been done so far in this area of study both theoretically and empirically. (3) Fourth chapter covers Research methodology, data sources and method of sampling for the data. Methodology includes formulae and tests which are being used to test semi-strong form of efficient market hypothesis (EMH) on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). (4) Fifth chapter includes Research results and/or findings with supporting evidence. (5) Sixth chapter includes the research conclusions. (6) The seventh and the last chapter comprise of Recommendations; made with the help of Research results and/or findings. Scope And Limitation Of The Study The material in this dissertation to the best of my knowledge do not contain any previously published or written documents by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the research itself. If any errors found in the calculations made for this research that will be the sole responsibility of the writer. Statement Of Ethics And Originality Due to time constraint and non availability of the companys earnings announcement data from the Karachi stock exchange web site before 2004 the study is being carried out for just three years which includes 2005, 2006 and 2007. Moreover during the period of study which is year 2005, 2006 and 2007 there are few companies eliminated due to the non availability of the required data to carry out the calculations. Due to the limited availability of econometrics experts for guidance irrespective of the new sophisticated models for event studies, conventional models were used in this study despite the fact they have less predictive power than the other latest models. Aims, Objectives And Hypothesis Of The Study The following are the Aims Objectives of the study: To check whether the Semi-Strong form of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is valid for Karachi Stock Exchange` 100 ââ¬â 100 Index (KSE ââ¬â 100 Index). To examine the stock market reaction (KSE) to Annual Earnings Announcements. Problems The research is comprises with one main problem which is further divided into three sub problems each problem has its own hypothesis and to be solved separately. Main Problem Test whether semi-strong form of efficiency exists on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) or not. Sub Problem ââ¬â One Whether the annual earnings announcement affect complete on the day of announcement? We will calculate the normal return and the expected return and if it is close to zero; we will say that the annual earnings announcement affect complete on the day of announcement Sub Problem ââ¬â Two Share holders could not earn extra return; before, and after the announcement. We would first take the average of abnormal return and then cumulate the average abnormal return. In case where the AARs and the CAARs are closed to zero we will conclude our results that, investor or the share holder are not able to earn abnormal return by trading on event which is earnings announcement. Sub Problem ââ¬â Three The Average Abnormal Returns (AARs) are random. We used Runs test to analyze the randomness in the behavior of Average Abnormal Returns (AARs). To check whether the average abnormal returns occur by chance or not, we carried out Runs test. In case where the observed numbers of runs are significantly different from the expected number of runs, we will conclude our finding as Average Abnormal Returns (AARs) do not occur randomly. Alternatively, if these results were not statistically significant, we say that Average Abnormal Returns (AARs) do occur randomly. We carried out runs test on Average Abnormal Returns (AARs) before and after the event day and also for the event window. Hypothesis Since the study empirically examine the Karachi Stock Exchange`s 100 Index reaction to Annual Earnings Announcement and the hypothesis being tested are: Hypothesis For Sub Problem One HO: Our null hypothesis for sub problem ââ¬â one is that the stock prices reactions in response to the annual earnings announcement complete on the announcement day in addition to that, abnormal returns can`t be earn by the investors on stocks by trading on stocks after the announcement day. HO: Rit = AR = 0 H1: Rit = AR For testing above hypothesis we compute the estimated return for the event window and then compare it to the actual return, the estimated return will be calculated by using following equation; E (Rit) = à ±i + à ²i Rmt Under the null hypothesis if the estimated return of a stock is closed to zero we will accept the null hypothesis and if it is not than we will reject our hypothesis and bring to a close; that announcement do affect on returns. Hypothesis For Sub Problem Two HO: Our null hypothesis for sub problem ââ¬â two is that returns are close to zero for average abnormal returns and their respective cumulative average abnormal returns for the selective securities in the study HO: AAR ââ°Ë CAAR = 0 H1: AAR ââ°Ë CAAR To test the above hypothesis first we will calculate the average abnormal return (AAR) and then cumulative average abnormal return (CAAR) with the help of the following formulae; For Average Abnormal Return à £ ARit AAR it = i=1 . N Where, i = the number of securities in the study; N = total number of securities. t = the days surrounding the event-day For Cumulative Average Abnormal Return K CAARt = à £ AARit Where, t = -30,0, +30. t = -30 If the average abnormal return and the cumulative average abnormal return are close to zero than we accept our null hypothesis otherwise we will reject it. 2.2.3 Hypothesis for Sub Problem ââ¬â Three HO: Our null hypothesis for sub problem ââ¬â three is that the difference between the no. of positive and negative average abnormal returns as not significant and they occur randomly. HO: Z = 0 H1: Z The null hypothesis of the test is that the observed series is a random series. A run is defined by Gibbons (1985), as ââ¬Å"A succession of identical symbols which are followed or preceded by different symbols or no symbol at allâ⬠The run test is another approach to test and detect statistical dependencies (randomness). The number of runs is computed as a sequence of the price changes of the same sign (such as; + +, , 0 0). When the expected number of run is significantly different from the observed number of runs, the test rejects the null hypothesis that the daily returns are random. The run test converts the total number of runs into a Z statistic. For large samples the Z statistics gives the probability of difference between the actual and expected number of runs. The Z value is greater than or equal to + 1.96, reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance (Sharma and Kennedy, 1977). Literature Review There have been a lot of studies conducted on Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), a concept; developed by Fama (1960) and divided capital market into three parts on the basis of its efficiency namely weak, semi-strong and strong form. For the event study, which is linked with semi ââ¬â strong form of market efficiency; below first we discuss the theoretical foundations and after that, the empirical evidence. Theoretical Foundations The origins of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) can be traced back to the work of two individuals, Eugene F. Fama (1960) and Paul A. Samuelson (1960). Remarkably, they independently developed the same basic concept of market efficiency from two rather different research agendas. These differences would drive them along two distinct trajectories leading to several other breakthroughs and milestones, all originating from their point of intersection, the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). The EMH state that in an efficient market where many well-informed and intelligent investors operates, the stock price imitates all the existing information and no other information or analysis can be used to earn abnormal returns. The arguments of Fama (1965) form the theoretical foundation for the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), which persuasively reasons that in an efficient and active market consisting of many well-informed investors, equity prices will appropriately reflect the effects of information based on present and future expected events. The strong form of the hypothesis asserts that the current market prices fully reflect all private (insider) and public information. In other words, insiders shouldn`t be able to earn excess returns from privileged asymmetric information. The strong form of the hypothesis represents an absolute standard, and in practice, market demonstrates only a certain degree of efficiency. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) claims that speculative market prices fully and immediately reflect all available relevant information. Fama categorised information as: publicly available information, information that eventually becomes public, insider information. Event studies are used in tests of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) to ask whether prices incorporate information fully on the day that the information is revealed. If Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) holds, the information about the event should be incorporated into prices before or on the day of the event itself. There should be no impact on returns after the event ââ¬Å"There was little evidence on the central issues of corporate finance, now we are overwhelmed with results, mostly from event studiesâ⬠(Fama, 1991, p. 1600) Event study analyses are typically used for two different purposes firstly as a test of semi-strong form market efficiency; and secondly as, assuming that the market efficiency hypothesis holds, as a tool for examining the impact of some event on the wealth of firms shareholders. Event studies measure security price changes in response to events. A single event study typically analyzes the average security price reaction to instances of the same type of event experienced by many firms. For example, the event could be the announcement of a merger. The event date can vary from one security to another in the same study, with dates measured in event time. Event studies have been used in a large variety of studies, including [mergers and acquisitions], earnings announcements, debt or equity issues, corporate reorganizations, investment decisions and corporate social responsibility MacKinlay (1997), McWilliams Siegel (1997). Empirical Evidence The debate about efficient markets has resulted in hundreds and thousands of empirical studies attempting to determine whether specific markets are in fact efficient and if so to what degree. Many novice investors are surprised to learn that a tremendous amount of evidence supports the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Since the late 1960s, the enormous study in the finance and accounting literature has recognized evidence of relationship between accounting reports and market reactions. Fama (1970) described an efficient market as having prices that ââ¬Å"fully reflectâ⬠all available information. Beaver (1981) offers a definition of market efficiency based on the information distribution when investors have mixed beliefs. Accounting reports probably are one of the sources of public information. Ball Brown (1968) examine the relationship between the accounting reports stock prices . Their results show that the market reacts to unexpected earnings as though the market participants had access to the good or bad news prior to the availability of this news to the market. They estimate that only 10 to15 percent of the market reaction takes place during the announcement month. Using another approach, similar results are also found in the work of Ball and Brown (1968) they examined price changes surrounding the announcement of a firms annual earnings and found that the stock market reacts quickly to annual earnings announcements. Ball (1992) and Bernard Thomas (1989) and (1990), documented significant delays in the adjustment of stock prices to quarterly earnings announcements. Developed countries of the world such as the USA, the UK, and Australia, etc. the amounts of researches on Efficient Market Hypothesis are extensive. Fama, Fisher, Jensen and Roll (1969) conducted the first study on semi-strong form of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). They examined the behaviour of abnormal returns at the announcements of stock splits and found that the market reaction is significant prior to the stock split announcement. Jordan (1973) assessed the behaviour of security prices surrounding the quarterly earnings announcements and found that stock market is efficient in the semi-strong form. In Asia until now some researches has been done. Kong, S. and Taghavi, M. (2006) study the Effect of Annual Earnings Anno Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-41600774132056238972020-01-18T09:54:00.001-08:002020-01-18T09:54:04.372-08:00Analyse the Marketing Opportunities and Challenges Faced by a Selected Business When Using Internet MarketingM2 ââ¬â Analyse the marketing opportunities and challenges faced by a selected business when using internet marketing. Footlocker is an American sportswear and footwear retailer, its headquarters is located in New York City. This company originated in America but has made an international expansion buy placing stores in Europe, Canada, Asia and Australia. The internet gives Footlocker many opportunities to advertise and promote online to a wider audience which results in more sales and profits. Footlocker has exploded internationally and because of this, the company has to take into consideration the choices they make because of their international buyers. An advantage of marketing online would be immediate sales. For example, in my opinion it is easier to shop online because it is more comfortable to shop within the comforts of your own home and it is easier to resolve problems when you are ordering from the country however for international buyers, companyââ¬â¢s have to make sure there are procedures put in place that will secure peopleââ¬â¢s bank card details preventing any troubled to be caused. Things such as the padlock and security checked tags this automatically wins over your customer because it shows that the company cares about the customerââ¬â¢s well being. In order for footlocker to succeed internationally they have to meet to customers expectations and provide them with a good customer service. Another opportunity that the internet brings is exposure. The internet gives footlocker the opportunity to become more known and become global. Different ways that the internet could help to advertise footlocker is by advertisement banners, pop up adverts with a link that leads customers to the website of footlocker, advertisements on other companyââ¬â¢s websites. For example if you buy over ?50 worth of clothes from office then you get a 10% voucher off footlocker purchases. The internet helps these promotions to expand even more widely. This is a positive impact because everybody likes to save money so by having this promotion it would interest your customer, however the negative is because this is only for a short period of time some customers might not return and only use the sale as an excuse to take interest. However a challenge that footlocker faces is other competition with other companies. For example JD Sports ships products internationally just like foot locker and offers the same services like footlocker does. In certain countries JD Sports is more recognised in more European countries. A way that Footlocker could resolve this is by using a celebrity endorsement (preferably an influential sports person) to enhance their sales to attract a wider audience making a bigger audience aware of the organisation. A way that the internet benefits by internet marketing is by providing all the necessary information about the product or service that the person is providing. Businesses are increasingly enabling the customers to find out even more information about their product. For example some companies advise you how to wash certain clothes so they do not get ruined and stay preserved. Organisation strives on building a customer and business relationship so by maintaining this they cater to the customerââ¬â¢s needs and wants. On the other hand on a customerââ¬â¢s point of view, this is a down fall because they would not be able to see or feel the product unless they purchased it first which increases product risk. Also another disadvantage of this is because the items get shipped, and if product gets to the consumer damaged the company does not have to be liable for this. Marketing on the internet gives organisations the opportunity to sell to a wider market; however some companies do not have the right amount of staff to be able to fulfil orders on time. The company has to be well structured in order to do this. For example footlocker has different departments in order for the company to succeed by sharing the work load. They have departments such as marketing, merchandising, finance, technology and human resources. Human resources would have to analyse the employees to see whether they would have to employ more people or spend money on training people how to cope with a larger customer base. Shops are easier to have a set structure because you only have to really please your customers. On the other hand when you are marketing online you have to have many departments to deal with your customers queries. For example Footlocker provides a page on their website which answers general frequently asked questions (FAQ) if the customer experiences any type of problem, such as payment problems or assistance using the website they provide an automated system which helps customers within 24 hours. The negative thing about this could be that the customer does not get the straightforward or type of answer they were hoping for, whereas in the shop you would be able to go up to an sales assistant to help you. Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-10546684051614754012020-01-10T06:18:00.001-08:002020-01-10T06:18:02.899-08:00Heroism Beowulf and Sir GarwainBeowulf and Gawain are both presented as heroic figures in their respective cultures. Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrogar, who is the king of Danes. Beowulf explores his heroism in two separate phases- youth and age- and through three separate and increasingly difficult conflicts- with Grendel, Grendelââ¬â¢s mother, and the dragon. His youth heroism as an unfettered warrior and his mature heroism as a reliable king. In his youth, he is a great warrior, predominantly by his feats of strength and courage, which reflected by his fabled swimming match against Breca.His defeat of Grendel and Grendelââ¬â¢s mother validates his reputation for bravery and establishes him fully as a hero. In the combat with Grendel and Grendelââ¬â¢s mother, Beowulf completely shows his fearless and bravery. He makes his battle with Grendel more than a simple slay-the-monster task. By announcing that it will be a hand-to-hand combat, he gains extra glory for himself and the Geatis h king, Hygelac, turning the contest into a feat of strength as well as a fight against evil. He also perfectly embodies the manners and values dictated by the Germanic hero code, including loyalty, courtesy and pride.He shows enough respect and loyalty to king which can be seen from the poem, ââ¬Å"Let whoever can /win glory before death. When a warrior is gone/ that will be his best and only bulwark. â⬠à (1387-1389). In the second part of the poem, through a series of retrospectives, I can recover much about how Beowulf comports himself as a king and warrior. Instead of rushing for the throne himself, he does not do what Hrothulf did in Denmark, he supports Hygelacââ¬â¢s son, the right heir, which proving his gesture of loyalty and respect. As Beowulf matures, becomes the king.The poet reflects further on how the responsibilities of king, during the encounter with the dragon, he acts for the good of the people and not just for his own glory differ from those of the hero ic warrior. Even through, Beowulfââ¬â¢s moral status becomes somewhat ambiguous at the poemââ¬â¢s end, he is still deserved as a great hero and leader. Sir Gawain is a humble knight of King Arthurââ¬â¢s court, which can be indicated in the poem, ââ¬Å"I am weakest of your warriors and feeblest of wit/ loss of my life would be least lamentedâ⬠(354-355).His modest claim to inferiority and his high status at court- he is Arthurââ¬â¢s nephew and one of Camelotââ¬â¢s most famous knights- testify to both his humility and his ambition. Loyalty and bravery are also the significant characteristic of Gawain, he is the only knight who steps out to save King Arthur, he takes the challenge from Green Knight, even though the Green knight essentially tricks Gawain by not telling him about his supernatural abilities before asking Gawain to agree to his terms, Gawain refuses to back off the deal.He stands by his commitments absolutely, even when it means jeopardizing his own li fe. Honest is another valuable virtue of Gawain. In the part 3 of the poem, he conceals from host the magical green girdle that the hostââ¬â¢s wife gives him, revealing that, he values his own life more than his honest. He confesses his sin to the knight and begs to be pardoned and he voluntarily wears the green girdle as a symbol of sin which is a fully Christian idea. Beowulf and Sir Gawain are both very brave characters.There are many similarities between the two, and the differences between the two characters are also like night and day. The most significant similar is that both Beowulf and Sir Gawain are symbols of loyalty in their cultures. They also have their share of significant differences in this, but the theme of loyalty is so strong in both characters that it would be dishonest not to mention the similarities. Beowulf maintains his loyalty to his original leader, King Hygelac, while, at the same time, taking on another oath of loyalty to Hrothgar.Similarly, Gawain ta kes on an additional oath of loyalty when stays with the lord. Sir Gawain also shows his loyalty by challenging the Green Knight in place of King Arthur. One contrasting quality that can also be considered a comparative quality is pride. Sir Gawain appears in the beginning of the story as a humble knight. Later in the story Gawain gains more pride as he strays from his faith. Beowulf, on the other hand, has pride in himself throughout his story.In the story it is described how Beowulf makes boasts, and how in one occurrence, he has a swimming race with another man and has to stay in the water for seven full days, wearing his battle armor and fighting off water monsters. One of the biggest differences between Gawain and Beowulf are their faiths. Gawain is an obvious Christian. He celebrates Christmas and New Years. He also attends mass every morning, or so it seems. Conversely, In Beowulf s story, references to Christianity are made, but none of the characters seem to be tied to this faith. Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-26514762062316300282020-01-02T02:42:00.001-08:002020-01-02T02:42:03.117-08:00The Characters Of Harry Potter - 858 Words The Harry Potter book series has sold over 450 million copies and is currently translated into almost every language on the face of the earth (ââ¬Å"Harry Potterâ⬠). Millions have faithfully followed the story about this magical world and have fallen in love with the many enchanting characters. What most readers do not recognize is the prominence that classical Greek/Roman mythological allusions play in the beloved roles in Harry Potter through their names and personality attributes. The importance of names is extremely significant to a personââ¬â¢s identity, especially in literature where words are meant to bring stories to life. Rowling continues this concept through her characters by linking her characters names to classical folklore charismas that share similar personas. Rowling does a fantastic job with cleverly connecting her characters to classical Greek/Roman mythological figures through the etymology of their names and similar personality traits to their wizard coun terparts, such as Professor McGonagall and Filch. An apparent allusion to a classical mythological figure is the Hogwartsââ¬â¢ transfiguration professor Minerva McGonagall. Professor McGonagall is an extremely intelligent woman, which is seen because she is tenured teacher who is respected by both her students and fellow professors. 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Rowling952 Words à |à 4 Pages In the book Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter, the main character goes back to Hogwarts after Ron and his brothers break him out of the Dursleys house. At Hogwarts people started being petrified, going comp letely stiff, by a creature that supposedly comes from the Chamber of Secrets. The heir of Slytherin is the only person able to open the chamber, and after Harry speaks Parseltongue, snake language, he is the main suspect of all the kids at the school. Eventually Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-5960888253812820012019-12-24T22:27:00.001-08:002019-12-24T22:27:02.959-08:00Chile s Economic Freedom - 4108 Words Introduction CHILE From the point of view of economy freedom, Chileââ¬â¢s score is 78.7 (2014 Index of Economic Freedom Chile, 2014). This makes Chileââ¬â¢s economy the 7th free economy in the index of 2014. The total ranking is a bit lower than previous year. There is a change, to be more precise itââ¬â¢s a positive change in the investing figures of Chile. Chile is considered at a very high position with regards to its economic freedom in Southern and the Central parts of America. Chileââ¬â¢s economy has been constantly considered as one of the most freely run economies in its 20 year old history of index. It has also been successful in achieving economic freedom, which is highly impressive at 70. There are 10 economic freedom concepts, out of which three have been successful in gaining a score of 20 points or above since 1995. Those three economic freedom concepts are corruption freedom, freedom for investing and financial ease of freedom. Looking at Chileââ¬â¢s high levels of effici ent operations, monetary freedom and business freedom has improved efficiently as well. Chile is considered worldwide leader in economic freedom. It continues to go by the concept of limited government through public financial management. Through this concept Chile has been successful in keeping its finance debts and deficits under control. Chile has actively participated in Trans-Pacific partnership negotiations and this further shows that it has been steadily committed to its trade and business relations.Show MoreRelatedChile : A Global Perspective1141 Words à |à 5 Pagesforeign direct investment due to its sustained economic growth and stability and due to favorable investment and business development climates. Chile is committed to trade and investment liberalization. Chile is the first country in South America to sign a free trade agreement with the USA (effective January 1, 2004). (Mogab, Spring 2011) Since then there has been increasing economic interdependence between th e U.S. and Chile. American exports to Chile have increased by 545% to over $17.5 billionRead MoreThe Chilean Press1602 Words à |à 7 Pages ââ¬Å"The Chilean press has managed to uphold a strong tradition of editorial freedom ever since the countryââ¬â¢s first newspaper,â⬠(RoughGuides). The media and its median is ever changing and evolving all over the world, to truly understand any form of media today we must trace it back to its beginnings. Every country has their own set of laws for the press and we need to understand how economical and social issues, as well as events, influenced in changing and shaping the media, as we know it today.Read MoreChile, A South American Country1496 Words à |à 6 PagesChile is a South American country that contains a population of around 18 million people. Chile s population is composed predominantly of mestizos, who are descended from marriage between the Spanish colonizers and the indigenous people. Out of those 18 million people, 11 million are just consisted of women population. Ever since, Ferdinand Magellan, the first European to set foot on what is now called Chile, women have been neglected of many of their rights. Facing domestic violence and gender-basedRead MoreThe Impact of the Cold War on Developing Nations Essay1175 Words à |à 5 Pages1940ââ¬â¢s to late 1990ââ¬â¢s. United States wanted to flex its political muscle and try to curtail the spread of Soviet Communism in the developing nations. Most of the nations in developed world had already made their political and socio-economic stand regarding the form of governance and leadership pursued. Underdeveloped nations in Asia, Latin America and Africa were still vulnerable and easily influenced in terms of ideologies and political direction. Most nations in Latin America like Chile were recoveringRead MoreThe Competitive Advantage Of Chile990 Words à |à 4 PagesCompetitive Advantage Chile has a competitive advantage in the forestry sector since pine grows exponentially faster in the southern forests of Chile than in New Zealand, Sweden, and Canada. While Chile has a competitive advantage in the forestry sector, it is not the leading export. Chileââ¬â¢s leading export is the mining sector which makes up 51 percent of the exports, and contributes more than eleven percent to Chileââ¬â¢s GDP. Not only is the forestry and mining sector important to Chileââ¬â¢s exports,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Book Overthrow By Stephen Kinzer1713 Words à |à 7 Pagesoperationsâ⬠throughout the late 19th and 20th Centuries. The United States government overthrown foreign governments for economic benefits. Some economic benefits that were gained would be promoting American economic interests and access to natural resources. For instance securing trade and support for American private investment abroad was another way United States gained economic benefits. While reading the book Overthrow by Stephen Kinzer there are examples on how United States overthrow Hawaii,Read MoreNeo Liberalism1568 Words à |à 7 Pagesneoliberalism in Peru and Bolivia. The intent behind neoliberalism policies is to remove control from the government and allow more freedom to the private sector. ââ¬Å"Broadly speaking, neoliberalism seeks to transfer part of the control of the economy from public to the private sector, under the belief that it will produce a more efficient government and improve the economic health of the nationâ⬠(Neoliberalism, 2010). Simply, the point of these policies is to provide a healthier government and allowRead MoreHistory Of Trans Pacific Partnership899 Words à |à 4 PagesJuly 2015 History of the Trans-Pacific Partnership The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a secretive, multinational trade agreement being negotiated among countries bordering the Pacific Ocean, including the United States, Japan, Vietnam, Australia, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Canada, Mexico, and Brunei Darussalam. Together they represent about 40% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The TPP is expected to reduce (or eliminate) trade barriers, facilitate the development of productionRead MoreEssay on Colombia: A South American Country1068 Words à |à 5 Pagesabout 105 people per square mile. Colombia is divided into 32 departments and a capital district. The capital of Colombia is Bogota, which has a population of 7.6 million people. The official currency of Colombia is the Peso, which is also used in Chile, Uruguay, Cuba, and Mexico. Currently, one US dollar is equal to 2017.82 Colombian pesos. Since the equator runs though the southern part of Colombia, it is considered to have a tropical climate. Due to small changes in temperature throughout theRead MoreThe United States Foreign Policy1433 Words à |à 6 Pageshuman rights violations in Latin American countries in order to advance their political, economic, and cultural agenda. The United States has been involved in several covert operations to maintain political dominance in Latin American countries such as Chile, Nicaragua, and El Salvador by supporting violent dictators and corrupt governments. Due to the election of Socialist president Salvador Allende in Chile in 1973, the U.S. government distributed propaganda and weapons that destabilized the Chilean Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-74176976735983314782019-12-16T18:56:00.001-08:002019-12-16T18:56:04.030-08:00The Number One Question You Must Ask for 2018 Ap Lit Essay Student Samples and CommentaryThe Number One Question You Must Ask for 2018 Ap Lit Essay Student Samples and Commentary It's possible to likewise start looking for assistance that's expert seek assistance from expert authors online. You could also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. Tell our experts what sort of homework help on the internet you will need to get. Finding a bit of help from a friend, family member, or colleague is an excellent method to strengthen your writing and elevate your likelihood of obtaining a positive response from the reader. The History of 2018 Ap Lit Essay Student Samples and Commentary Refuted The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the majority of our clients require is essay writing. A good conclusion indicates the importance of the techniques utilised in the piece that was critically examined and the author's patterns. Down load the internet world Casino pc computer so ftware today and you may play our totally free casino on the internet, and begin to become on the street to the pleasure and excitement of Las Las Vegas design internet casino video video gaming! Reaching a stage in writing your essay when you've decided on the primary point which you would love to make can be rather challenging. What's Truly Going on with 2018 Ap Lit Essay Student Samples and Commentary Instead, you wish to analyze the essay and make sure that your claim is supported. The topic you opt to pick for your analytical essay will ascertain the facts and details you will need to include. If you ought to be struggling in writing essays, don't get depressed. Nowadays it is quite difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. When you're writing an English essay, you have zero chance to confirm your paper by another individual. In conclusion, an analytical essay is an essay meant to elaborate more than that which the readers or viewers of a particular piece might actually see. Analysis essays are known to be among the hardest to write. An analysis essay is a sort of persuasive essay. Contrary to what you might believe in the beginning, a poetry analysis essay isn't such a tricky task. Revising the essay is a rather important before submission. A well written essay is indispensable. Critical reading is vital for practically any AP English Literature review. In the decision of poem analysis essay, an individual should review the key points discussed. The absolute most important aspect that could help to comprehend how to compose a poetry evaluation essay is an excellent literature analysis essay example. You have to decide whether you're likely to attribute the work you cite to a particular individual, or simply to emphasize that it's not your work. The tone of the conclusion needs to be positive and reach a sense of completion. There are special words and word combination employed for analytical purposes which ought to be learned also. If you would like to cite more than 1 person's work, it's preferable to begin by mentioning you're likely to achieve that. Whatever the situation, you must avoid plagiarism, the wonderful taboo of any kind of writing. To begin with, read the topic sentence and be certain to underst and it. If you discover that the writer did not provide precisely what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. For example, under introduction, the author should list all the suggestions to cover in the introductory paragraph. An analytical essay has a large selection of scope and topics. Finding out how to write an analytical essay on a poem is somewhat different from studying the strategies to analyze different kinds of literature. Because the two forms of papers are very similar, a student's thorough comprehension of the essay assignment and the writing process is essential to composing effective reaction and reflection papers. Once a student works through the full chapter, there's a chapter test which can be taken too. Create a source reference at the base of the letter, or on an individual page, if you're citing several people's work. The title is just one of the main sections of your paper you ought to pay a good deal of attention to. All y ou need to take away the black hole effect each time you open the luggage. You are likely to be somebody that's leveraging's time as a way to do more important things. The Foolproof Ap Lit Essay Student Samples and Commentary Strategy If it's necessary to compose an essay, dependent on character analysis then you've got to look at all facets. Essay composing assignments might be a hard and time-consuming experience. The structure of a poetry analysis essay is really straightforward, seeing as it merely functions as a recommendation that you need to consider when creating the very first rough outline. The point of a literary analysis is to earn an argument about a work of literature instead of just supplying a summary. A title may be the determining factor whenever someone is selecting a book to purchase. It is the first thing that captivates the attention of readers. It gives the reader an idea of the topic and the approach that will be utilized in the analysis. Superior titles provide potential readers the reason behind reading the essay in the very first location. Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-12648725826595548162019-12-08T15:40:00.001-08:002019-12-08T15:40:04.294-08:00Circle by Amorphis free essay sample One of my favorite progressive metal bands of all time as well as Finnish metal bands. Amorphis is basically the Finnish Opeth except the fact that they have never had a song longer than ten minutes. Whatever, at least you people can easily handle it. The album includes a total of nine tracks ranging from four minutes to six minutes. All have a nice epic feel and some even have death metal vocals.While the songs arent long at all, I can say they are all good and make the album very short for a prog album so it makes for a good starting place. I find everything is transitioned well and nothing seems absolutely the same. Yeah, its very keyboard and guitar oriented but that doesnt detract from the album`s replay value. They also manage to add in folk elements as evident in tracks like Narrow Path and Mission. We will write a custom essay sample on Circle by Amorphis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The vocals, while deep, work well with the almost controlled chaos going on throughout this album. I cant find anything remotely bad with this album, ok, well theres no epic and its progressive metal. That doesnt make sense but granted thats the ONLY problem to be honest.The album gets a fair 9/10. Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-7235709279940051632019-12-01T03:22:00.001-08:002019-12-01T03:22:04.267-08:00Who Is Rosa Parks Rosa Parks Is Someone Who Grew Up Believing People Who is Rosa Parks? Rosa Parks is someone who grew up believing people should be judged by the respect they have for themselves and others. (Le Blanc, 190) Rosa Parks is mostly known for standing up for herself and for other all other African Americans when she refused to go to the back of the bus to give up her seat for a white man. (Le Blanc, 190) When Rosa took a stand, she didn't do it to make her name go down in history. She did it because she believed in herself and she stood up for an injustice she thought was wrong. Rosa Parks is a courageous and very remarkable person. Rosa Parks was born in Tuskagee, Alabama. When she was a young child her parents separated. After her parents got divorced, she moved to Montgomery with her mom. (Le Blanc, 189) She grew up with an extended family that consisted of her maternal grandparents and Sylvester, her younger brother. (Le Blanc, 189) Rosa's mother was a school teacher and she was taught by her until age 11. (Celsi, 1) At age 11 she went to Montgomery Industrial School for Girls. It was an all black school. Everything in Montgomery was either ?blacks only? or ?whites only.? Though she found it humiliating, Parks became used to obeying segregation laws. (Celsi, 1) ?With her mother's help, Rosa was able to grow up proud of herself and other black people.? (Contemporary Black Biography, 190) By the time she reached the midpoint of her life, Rosa was no longer a stranger to white intimidation. (Le Blanc, 190) At the age of 20, Rosa married Raymond Parks, who was a barber. Rosa and Raymond had to keep steady jobs to support themselves. (Le Blanc, 190) Rosa hated the way of life. She had always dreamed of equality and freedom. (Stewart, 1) Although Rosa grew up with segregation, she turned out to be a very well rounded unique person many people can look up to. She was just a normal person with a normal life, but she did something that not many black people back then had the courage to do?she stood up for herself. In Rosa's spare time, she became active in the NAACP. She was also active in the Montgomery Voters League. (Le Blanc, 190) The Montgomery Voters League was a group that helped black people pass a special test so they could register to vote. (Le Blanc, 190) Rosa had been silently protesting segregation in her own quiet way over the years. For example, instead of riding up an elevator that said ?blacks only? she would take the stairs. (Le Blanc, 190) The most well known boycott is the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This was a boycott that took place in response to Rosa's arrest. Her arrest caused black people throughout Montgomery to refuse to ride buses. (Church, 393) The success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott encouraged a wave of massive demonstrations that swept across the South. (Church, 394) Rosa Parks has succeeded in establishing herself in history by what she did. She is one of the most honored and distinguished African Americans in our history. (Asante, 71) Rosa Parks stood didn't only stand up for herself, she stood up for racism. It must have been hard for her because not only was she an African American, she was also a woman, and back then things were much more difficult for women. Even though Rosa did something very courageous, some might say she isn't the best leader. Many leaders give speeches, lead demonstrations and write petitions. Rosa Parks didn't do any of these things. Other people were motivated to do these things because of her standing up for herself. (Asante, 71) The most important incident that happened in Rosa's life occurred on December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks was riding the bus home from work like she did every day. But that day had been especially tiring. (Le Blanc, 190) The bus was a constant irritation to black people. The front four rows were reserved for whites (and remained empty even when there were not enough white passengers to fill them). The back section, which was always very crowded, was for black passengers. In between there Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-10091012597862423012019-11-26T11:54:00.001-08:002019-11-26T11:54:06.149-08:00How To Prepare A Good Resume And CVHow To Prepare A Good Resume And CV How To Prepare A Good Resume And CV ââ¬Å"If you call failures experiments, you can put them in your resume and claim them as achievements,â⬠said professor Mason Cooley. His witty observation highlights this basic truth: the effective resume and CV writing requires careful thought and attention. The following tips can help produce a quality resume or CV. Know The Difference It is important to know the difference between a resume and a CV (curriculum vitae). While resumes are commonly required by companies from job applicants, certain positions require a CV. Both documents are a written summary of a personââ¬â¢s background, but there are three main differences between the two: length, content, and purpose. First, a resume is a brief summary of a personââ¬â¢s background, education and work history. It usually is one page in length, and at most two pages. A CV is more detailed and therefore longer. For a younger professional a CV may only be 2-3 pages. As he/she gains more experience, the CV may increase to 10 pages or more. Second, a resume and CV will differ in contents. A resume will usually be limited to education, work experience, and credentials. A CV may include these as well, but will also have teaching experience, awards, publications, presentations, and any other career-related achievements. Finally, the two documents serve different purposes. A resume is a concise summary of education and experience focused on presenting a personââ¬â¢s qualifications for a specific job. Because of this, resume editing is often necessary to tailor it to the particular job sought. A CV is a detailed overview of life accomplishments often focusing on academic history, experience and research. As such, CV writing is often required if a person seeks a position in higher education, research, or medicine. Additionally, if a person applies for an international position, a CV is most often required and not a resume. Include Needed Information Since these documents will form a prospective employerââ¬â¢s first impression, a person needs to include the proper information for each type. For a resume, this includes the following: name and contact information, education, and work experience. Arrange the information in each section chronologically. An applicant should also prepare a cover letter to send with the resume. It serves as a written record of what is sent, to whom it is sent, and who sent it. A CV is much more detailed. It should include personal information such as marital status, age, date of birth, number of children, personal interests, and a professional photo. It should then detail the candidateââ¬â¢s academic background, beginning with high school. A person should also include research experience, teaching positions, grants, honors, awards, fellowships, publications, presentations, scholarly or professional memberships, licenses, certificates, and all other related information. The details in each of these sections should also be arranged in chronological order. Prepare and Polish Finally, prepare the written products with careful CV and resume editing. Maintain uniformity in style, font, and formatting throughout the documents for an appealing finished product. A person should proof-read the writing thoroughly to insure proper spelling and grammar. Free online grammar editing tools are a great help in this task. Considering a resume and CVs importance, a person may consider employing the services of a company like for assistance. Contact us today at toll free at 800-573-0840 to see how we can help. Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-85187302962484059562019-11-22T19:17:00.001-08:002019-11-22T19:17:05.232-08:00How to Stay on the Job Hunt, Even When Youre Not HuntingHow to Stay on the Job Hunt, Even When Youre Not Hunting Looking for a new job while still employed in another makes you more employable; however, it can backfire if your current employer finds out. Workers have various reasons to continue the job search. Perhaps your current job is too far away from where you live and commuting costs are pecking away at your salary, perhaps your salary is on the low side for your job description or maybe you want to work your way up the ladder faster. Whatever the reason, job hunting while employed is common. A few tips on how to do it can help. 1. Keep Quiet About Your Job SearchIf you are looking at job ads for a new position, donââ¬â¢t tellyour co-workers. Thatââ¬â¢s the fastest way for word to get around and eventually your boss will hear about it. Although some employers donââ¬â¢t care if an employee is wanting to change jobs, the knowledge of it can keep you from getting pay raises or responsibilities that you want.2. Donââ¬â¢t Quit Your JobItââ¬â¢s easier to get a new job if you are already working. In addition, donââ¬â¢t get lazy in your current job because you are hoping to get a new one. You still owe your current employer a good dayââ¬â¢s work for your pay.3. Think Before You List Character ReferencesWhile your first inclination may be to include your current boss or co-workers as references on your job application, donââ¬â¢t do it. Obviously, if you get called for an interview and the hiring manager calls your references, everyone in the office will know you are job hunting. Surprisingly enough, many of those seeking a new job donââ¬â¢t think to leave these references out of their resumes.4. Donââ¬â¢t Bad Mouth Your BossYour current boss may not be all sweetness and light, but bad mouthing your employer is always a bad idea. It may give recruiters the impression that you are a complainer or difficult to get along with. Focus on your qualifications for the job application and the good opportunity it offers for your advancement.5. Scheduling J ob InterviewsHours when you are supposed to be at work are not the times to schedule job interviews. Missing work hours can make your boss suspicious and does not look good to other employees. In addition, it looks odd if your office dress is casual, and you show up for work dressed up for an interview. Instead, schedule interviews outside of office hours or on weekends when you arenââ¬â¢t at work.This is another no-no when searching for a job while still employed. People who have Facebook or other social media accounts often have friends in the same office. Those friends also have friends who may learn of your job search activities through social media. Job boards are the same problem. Since posting your resume or interest in other jobs on these sites could end up with you pounding the pavement looking for work, keep your job search private.6.à Donââ¬â¢t Use Office EquipmentDonââ¬â¢t use office equipment, such as phones, computers and fax machines, to conduct a job searc h or send in resumes. First of all, many companies monitor use of their machines to ensure that employees are not spending company time on personal affairs. Second, you are actually supposed to be working, so keep your mind on the business at hand.There are easier ways to find a new job, no matter what the field, whether healthcare jobs, computer jobs or other types. TheJobNetwork makes it easy and does the searching for you. All you have to do is list your qualifications and the type of job you are looking for, and we do the rest. When appropriate jobs pop up, you receive an email when you sign up for job match alert. This way, you will be among the first to apply for those jobs, and opportunities will no longer slip by. Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-474003803946442242019-11-21T02:13:00.001-08:002019-11-21T02:13:03.683-08:00Security Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsSecurity Plan - Essay Example This plan was not meant for specifics but rather the whole fraternity (Maiwald & Sieglein, 2002). The plan outlined different elements that were important in ensuring its success and efficiency. Regulations on the usage of the computers were formulated. This plan was also geared towards promoting confidentiality in its operating systems. Different individuals were therefore given different responsibilities that would help in ensuring that security is promoted. Responsibility of users North Carolina agricultural and technical state university decided to share responsibilities of ensuring security. Privacy of oneââ¬â¢s information or an organization can easily be intruded through hacking therefore, the technology department appealed to all users of computers to be vigilant and ensure that this vice is not promoted. One of the duties of account holders is to ensure that they maintain privacy by not letting others aware of their account detail. Some people do not think it is very impo rtant to keep account information secret; they therefore carelessly display information about their accounts (North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 2008 ) When accessing account users were advised not to go for those that anyone can access, different methods can be applied to ensure security of oneââ¬â¢s account. A password is vital it does not mean having a password guarantees one security. They are those accounts with complicated password that cannot be easily accessed. Try to mix different characters in a password for instance use of letters and numbers. Through this method, it will be hard for anyone with ill motives to access your account. This method cannot only be applied in a school situation but also financial institutions. Institutions can take this method so that cases of fraud can be reduced. Banks for instance, use this method when providing ATM cards to their clients; this promotes security to a clientââ¬â¢s bank account. Phone holders use t his strategy in protecting their information. When formulating this password, users were advised to use figures they can easily remember even after a long period. Remembering your password is important because, it will reduce issues like blocking of an account. Forgetting ones account can lead to great loses, for instance a student using an account for saving his documents will lose his information because he is not to access his account. In a bank situation, clients who forget their ATM pin numbers are force to apply for other cards. This leads to great delays and additional costs that would otherwise be avoided if the password were mastered. Computer users are to ensure that they do not access accounts that do not belong to them and logging off after every session is important. This will ensure that the next user will not be able to access your information. Working or accessing an account in a public place can sometimes is tricky but users are to be careful about those around them and ensure that they are not intruding their privacy. Some students can decide to access their account while in a public place like the field; they should ensure that, when doing this their privacy is guaranteed. Users were further advised to be vigilant and ensure that actions that lead to insecurity are reported to Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-2111352026322208242019-11-19T10:46:00.001-08:002019-11-19T10:46:03.380-08:00Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2Culture - Essay Example Observing the night skies could have also been used by the ancient Chinese as a guide like how travellers depend on the North Star. Earliest records of stars were found carved on bones and shells. One very significant record made by ancient Chinese astronomers was that of a solar eclipse in 2136 BC, the first human record of a solar eclipse in the world found encrypted on a bone. In 2006, a stone carving of what is believed to be the Big Dipper was found by Wu Jiaca in Inner Mongolia and is predicted to have been carved in 4000 BC. The position of the carving was on the north side of the stone, pointing to the direction of the said constellation. Carvings and maps of the stars by ancient Chinese astronomers were found by some European at Dunhuang, a major resting place before travelling into the western deserts. It was speculated that the maps were used by the travellers to guide them along the Silk Road. The maps dated to 700 AD and contain 1,350 stars arranged in the manner on how one sees the horizon. The oldest star map known in Chinese history dates back to the Warring States Period (403-211 BC). It was made by Shi Shen and was already been missing. Other maps were at the Ancient Beijing Observatory and the International Dunhuang Project of the British Library. The long years of watching the moon, stars and the sun by the ancient Chinese astronomers led to the birth of the Chinese calendar. Observation of the sun, the moon and the stars is very important in predicting the reoccurrence of an event. The first Chinese calendar was said to be lunisolar or based on both the lunar and the solar cycles. The Huangdi Li, Zhuanxu Li, Xia Li, Yin Li, Zhou Li, and Lu Li were some of the earliest formal calendars accepted. There was an estimated 102 Chinese calendars that have been developed and revised from the Xia dynasty (2070-1600 BC) to the Qing Dynasty (1645-1911) until finally the Chinese Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-8585062818706661682019-11-16T23:17:00.001-08:002019-11-16T23:17:04.616-08:00Computerised Accounting System Essay Example for Free Computerised Accounting System Essay At very outset I sincerely thankful to you for promoting me in the cadre of A. O. ( Mkt) would like to draw your kind attention to my various earlier requests for restoration of my three increments as per the order dated 25th January 2005, passed by then CMD (copy enclosed ) by modifying the earlier order the following. 1 Restoring the basic pay to the same level as the order was to be without cumulative effect; as has been very categorically specified in the order. However, notwithstanding the above, the first part of the enclosed order was implemented long back in the year 2005, but even after so many years the 2nd part of the order is not implemented by your office till today my basic salary has not so far been restored. It is respectfully submitted that non restoration of my basic pay as mandated by the order under reference would be in derogation of the order passed by the erstwhile CMD. my salary in the promoted cadre cannot be fixed unless my 3 increments are restored only after restoration of these 3 increments my salary can be fixed In promoted (A. O. ) cadre . I therefore request your kind self to immediate restore my three increments ( by which my basic pay has been already been reduced )w. e. f. year 2005. so that there is no delay in fixing my salary in promoted cadre. I shall be extremely grateful to you for the act of kindness. Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1443607310961722737.post-79185914612513680302019-11-14T11:48:00.001-08:002019-11-14T11:48:03.732-08:00Death and the Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework Macbeth: Death and the Supernatural Throughout William Shakespeare's Macbeth, many characters evolve and many disappear into the background. The main character, Macbeth, travels through utter chaos when he proclaims himself monarch. When he first meets the witches of the supernatural, they tell him of the future. One of the themes amplified throughout the play is the circle of life, from the beginning to the end. The visions provided by the three witches begin Macbeth's quest for dominance. The three main effects of this theme are: the death of Macbeth's friends and family. Second, the deaths of his mortal enemies. The last point is the death of himself. The supernatural amplifies the theme of death. From the first brief encounter of the witches, to the last nightmarish visions that Macbeth has, many close friends and relatives have died because of his visions with the supernatural. The death of his wife in Act V, Scene IV is the death that sends him over the abyss and into mental instability. Lady Macbeth is like a joined appendage to Macbeth. They work as one, communicate as one, and when that appendage is lost, so is MACBETH's grip with reality. Lady Macbeth was the only person he could truly confide in. The supernatural also had another key factor to her death. In the first act of the play, she calls on the powers of the supernatural to make her strong. The following quote, "Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty! make thick my blood, stop up the access and passage to remorseâ⬠¦ Come to my woman's breasts, and take my milk for gallâ⬠¦", is possibly the most important passage that leads to Lady Macbeth's death. She calls on the evil spirits to "unsex" her, and to replace her "milk" with "gall". It seems that she wants to be the most cruelest being in the world. The theme of the life cycle is amplified in this situation because of her request to the spirits. This event is the beginning of the end for Lady Macbeth's life. She is the one who insists Macbeth should kill the king and reign as the king of Scotland. It is her ideas and plans that lead herself and Macbeth into the pits of hell. She is not solely to blame for this catastrophe though. Death and the Supernatural in Shakespeare's Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework Macbeth: Death and the Supernatural Throughout William Shakespeare's Macbeth, many characters evolve and many disappear into the background. The main character, Macbeth, travels through utter chaos when he proclaims himself monarch. When he first meets the witches of the supernatural, they tell him of the future. One of the themes amplified throughout the play is the circle of life, from the beginning to the end. The visions provided by the three witches begin Macbeth's quest for dominance. The three main effects of this theme are: the death of Macbeth's friends and family. Second, the deaths of his mortal enemies. The last point is the death of himself. The supernatural amplifies the theme of death. From the first brief encounter of the witches, to the last nightmarish visions that Macbeth has, many close friends and relatives have died because of his visions with the supernatural. The death of his wife in Act V, Scene IV is the death that sends him over the abyss and into mental instability. Lady Macbeth is like a joined appendage to Macbeth. They work as one, communicate as one, and when that appendage is lost, so is MACBETH's grip with reality. Lady Macbeth was the only person he could truly confide in. The supernatural also had another key factor to her death. In the first act of the play, she calls on the powers of the supernatural to make her strong. The following quote, "Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty! make thick my blood, stop up the access and passage to remorseâ⬠¦ Come to my woman's breasts, and take my milk for gallâ⬠¦", is possibly the most important passage that leads to Lady Macbeth's death. She calls on the evil spirits to "unsex" her, and to replace her "milk" with "gall". It seems that she wants to be the most cruelest being in the world. The theme of the life cycle is amplified in this situation because of her request to the spirits. This event is the beginning of the end for Lady Macbeth's life. She is the one who insists Macbeth should kill the king and reign as the king of Scotland. It is her ideas and plans that lead herself and Macbeth into the pits of hell. She is not solely to blame for this catastrophe though. Thaddeus Lucashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00806625655782127550noreply@blogger.com0